Definition and scope of Microbiology - History and recent developments Spontaneous generation - Biogenesis Contributions of Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Elie Metchinkoff and Fleming.
Unit II
Diversity of microbial world - Principle of classification -Bacteria (including cyanobacteria), Algae, Fungi and Viruses.
Unit III
Microscopy - Simple and compound Microscopy - Dark field -Phase contrast - Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy. Stain and Staining techniques - Simple, differential and special staining (Endospore, capsular & Granular),
Unit IV
Sterilization - Principles - dry heat - moist heat - Radiation -Filtration. Disinfection and disinfective agents - Sterility control for dry heat, moist heat and radiation.
Unit V
Antimicrobial chemotherapy - Antibiotics - mode of actions -antimicrobial resistance - Tests for sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.
Reference Books
1.
Dubey RC and Maheswari DK (2005). A Text book of Microbiology. S.Chand &Company Ltd., New Delhi.
2.
Sundara Rajan S (2003). College Microbiology. Volume 1& 2. Revised Edition, Vardhana Publications, Bangalore. Price Rs.150/- + Rs.171/-.
3.
Powar CB and Daginawala HF (2005). General Microbiology, Volume I & II, 8th Edition, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
4.
Pelczar Tr. MJ, Chan ECS & Kreig NR (1993). Microbiology MC Graw-Hill Inc., New York.
5.
Robert F Boyd (1984). General Microbiology. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishers.
6.
Prescott LM, JP Harley and DA Klein (1993). Microbiology, 2nd Edition, WM, C Brown Publishers.
ALLIED PAPER - BIOCHEMISTRY - I
Max. Marks : 100 Exam, duration : 3 hours.
Unit I
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides - definition - classification,
structure, properties and biological significance. Polysaccharides - Types and biological importance.
Unit II
Amino acids - classification, essential and non-essential amino acids, structure and properties. Proteins - definition, classification and functions - structural levels of organisation -Denaturation and Renaturation.
Unit III
Enzymes - definition, classification with example, active site lock and key model, induced fit hypothesis. Enzyme units -kinetics - factors affecting enzyme activity, MM equation, LB plot - Enzyme inhibition.
Unit IV
Lipids - classification of lipids, physical and chemical properties, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Structure of cell membrane and transport.
Unit V
Vitamins - classification, occurrence, deficiency, symptoms, biochemical functions of fat soluble and water soluble vitamins.
Reference Books
1.
Jain JL (2003). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S.Chand and company Ltd., New Delhi.
2.
Deb AC (2004). Concepts of Biochemistry, (Theory and Practical). Books and Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkata. Price Rs.235/-.
3.
Satyanarayana U (2005). Essentials of Biochemistry, Books and Allied (P)
Ltd., Kolkata. Price Rs.245/-.
4.
Veerakumari L (2004). Biochemistry. MJP Publishers, A unit of Tamil
Nadu Book House, Chennai. Price Rs.1.80/-.
Note: This paper has to be taught and exam, papers to be valued by only Biochemistry Board.
MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY
Max. Marks : 100
Exam. duration : 3 hours.
Unit I
Cellular structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes - Ultra
structure and Functions of Prokaryotic cell wall, flagella, slime layer, capsule, pili, cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasmic inclusions - Sporulation and its mechanism - Structure and functions of cyanobacteria.
Unit II
Growth of bacteria - multiplication - nutritional requirements -factors affecting growth - growth curve - Determination of growth. Culture techniques - Pure culture, Anaerobic culture -Preservation of cultures.
Unit III
Unit IV
Unit V
Metabolism - ATP Synthesis & Utilization
(Photophosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation, Substrate level phosphorylation). Metabolic pathways - glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, EMP, TCA and Glyoxalate cycle.
Biosynthesis of cellular components - cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, Nucleic acids.
Photosynthesis - characteristics and metabolism of Autotrophs - Photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria - Autotrophic C02 fixation and mechanisms of photosynthesis.
Reference Books
1.
Dubey kC and Maheswari DK (2005). A Text book of Microbiology. S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
2.
Sundara Rajan S (2003). College Microbiology. Volume 1 & 2. Revised Edition, Vardhana Publications, Bangalore. Price Rs.150/- + Rs.171/-.
3.
Pelczar Tr. MJ, Chan ECS & Kreig NR (1993). Microbiology MC Graw-Hill Inc., New York.
4.
Robert F Boyd (1984). General Microbiology. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishers.
5.
Moat G, John W. Foster & Michael P.Spector (2002). Microbial Physiology. 4th Edition, A John Wiley Sons, Inc., Publication. New Delhi.
SEMESTER II
ALLIED PAPER - BIOCHEMISTRY - II
Max. Marks : 100
Exam. duration : 3 hours.
Unit I
pH - Definition and determination. Buffers - Definition, important buffers in blood (Bicarbonate, phosphate and haemoglobin buffer systems) Electrolytes and its significance. Principles and applications of colorimetry, spectrophotometry, chromatography (Paper and TLC), and electrophoresis (Agarose gel, SDS -PAGE and Iso electric focussing)
Unit II
Carbohydrate metabolism:- Glycolysis, TCA cycle, HMP shunt, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Lipid Metabolism:- p-oxidation, Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids.
Unit III
Protein Metabolism - Deamination, transamination and decarboxylation of aminoacids. Urea cycle. Interrelationship of carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism.
Unit IV
Bioenergetics:- Laws of thermodynamics, Redex potential, Respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation (theories and mechanism) High energy compounds.
Unit V
Hormones:- Definition, classification of hormones, second messengers (cyclic Amp, IP3 and DG) Biological functions and disorders of pancreatic hormone (Insulin), thyroid hormone (thyroxine), pituitary hormone (GH, ADH) and Adrenocortical hormone (adrenaline, Nor adrenaline).
Reference Books
1.
Practical Biochemistry by Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press.
2.
Murray RK, DK Granner, PA Mayes and VW Rodwell (1999). Harper's Biochemistry. 24th Edition, Large Medical Publications.
3.
Jain JL (2003). Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S.Chand and company Ltd., New Delhi.
4.
Deb AC (2004). Concepts of Biochemistry, (Theory and Practical). Books and Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkata. Price Rs.235/-.
5.
Satyanarayana U (2005). Essentials of Biochemistry, Books and Allied (P)
Ltd., Kolkata. Price Rs.245/-.
6.
Veerakumari L (2004). Biochemistry. MJP Publishers, A unit of Tamil
Nadu Book House, Chennai. Price Rs.180/-.
Note: This paper has to be taught and exam, papers to be valued by only
Motility determination - Hanging drop method, semisolid agar.
7.
Media preparation
Liquid media - Peptone water, Nutrient broth.
Solid media - Nutrient agar (Agar slant, Agar plate) Enriched Medium - Blood agar Differential medium - Mac Conkey agar.
Enrichment Medium - Selenite F broth Selective medium - EMB
8.
Culture characteristics of Microorganisms on different media
9.
Demonstration of pigment production on Nutrient agar medium (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Serratia spp.)
10.
Pure culture techniques - pour plate, streak plate 8B spread plate.
11.
Antibiotic sensitivity test - Kirby - bauer disc diffusion method
References:
1.
Aneja KR (2005). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology. 4th Edition, New Age International Publishers, Chennai. Price Rs.225/-.
2.
Dubey RC and Maheswari DK (2004). Practical Microbiology 1st Edition, S.Chand 8B Company Ltd., New Delhi.
3.
Kannan N (2003). Handbook of Laboratory Culture Media, Reagents, Stains and Buffers. Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. Price Rs.395/-.
MAIN PRACTICAL -1 (End of the First year)
Max. Marks : 100
Exam. duration : 6 hours.
1.
Qualitative Analysis.
i) Analysis of carbohydrates - Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Sucrose,
Lactose and Starch.
ii) Analysis of Amino acids - Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Arginine,
Methionine, Cystine &
Phenylalanine.
2.
Preparation
i) Starch from potato
ii) Casein from milk
iii) Phospholipid from Egg yolk.
3.
Estimation
i) Estimation of Glycine by formal titration method.
ii) Estimation of Ascorbic acid by 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol
dye.
iii) Determination of acid number.
iv) Determination of saponification value.
v) Estimation of urea by DAM colorimetric method.
vi) Estimation of Glucose by Ortho-Toludine method.
vii) Estimation of DNA and RNA (Group experiment)
4.
Techniques
i) Separation of amino acid and sugars by Ascending paper
chromotogrpay.
ii) Separation of lipid by TLC.
References:
1.
An introduction to practical Biochemistry by David T Plummer.
2.
Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry by Pattabiraman and Acharya.
3.
Practical Biochemistry by Jayaraman.
MAIN PAPER 3 - MICROBIAL GENETICS
Max. Marks : 100
Exam. duration : 3 hours
Unit I
Introduction and History of Microbial Genetics. DNA as a
Genetic material. Physical structure and Chemical composition of DNA - RNA as a Genetic material.
Unit II
DNA Replication - Geometry of replication - Enzymes involved in replication. Types and models of replication.
Unit III
Organization of bacterial genes - Promoter - Coding sequences -terminator. Transcription - Translation. Genetic code -Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes.
Unit IV
Gene transfer mechanisms - Transformation, conjugation -Transduction and Transfection - DNA recombination - Linkage and Genetic mapping.
Unit V
Mutagenesis - Mutation - Mutants - types of mutation -Molecular basis of mutation - Detection of mutants - DNA repair mechanisms.
Reference Books
1.
David Freifelder (1995). Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
2.
Peter Snustad D and Michael J Simmons (2003). Principles of Genetics. 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, New Delhi.
3.
Peter J Russel (2002). Genetics. Benjamin Cummings.
4.
Robert H Tamarin (2002). Principles of Genetics. 7th Edition, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publication, New Delhi.
SEMESTER III
ALLIED PAPER - BIOSTATISTICS
Max. Marks : 100 Exam, duration : 3 hours.
Unit I
Biostatistics - definition - types of data - Quantitative,
Qualitative data - Sources of data in life science - Limitation and uses of statistics.
Unit II
-Collection of data - primary data, designing questionnaire and schedule - Secondary data - Methods of collection of data -classification of data - Tabulation and presentation of data.
Unit III
Measures of Central Tendency - Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric Mean - Merits and Demerits. Measures of dispersion - Range, Standard deviation, Mean deviation, Quartile deviation, Merits and demerits, coefficient of variations.
Unit IV
Correlation - Types and methods of correlation, Rank -Correlation, Regression, Simple regression equation, fitting, Prediction.
Unit V
Sampling Methods - population. Sample - Simple Random sample - concept of sampling distributions - standard error -Test of significance - Hypothesis - Simple hypothesis - Tests based on large samples and small samples - Chi-square test.
Reference Books
1.
Gurumani N (2005). An introduction to Biostatistics. 2nd Revised Edition,
MJP Publishers, Chennai. PriceRs.160/-.
2.
Daniel WW, (1987). Biostatistics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3.
Sundar Rao PSS and Richard J. An Introduction of Biostatistics - 3rd Edition, Christian Medical College, Vellore.
Note : 1) This paper has to taught and exam papers to be valued by only Statistics Board.
2) While setting the question paper, 50% Theory and 50% Problems to be considered
IMMUNOLOGY
Max. Marks : 100
Exam. duration : 3 hours.
Unit I
History of Immunology - Host-parasite relationship - Immunity Innate and acquired immunity - Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity - Structures and functions of Cells and organs involved in immune system.
Unit II
Antigens - Types, properties - Immunoglobulins - Structure, types and properties - Complement - Classical and alternative pathways.
Chakraborty P (2003). A Text book of Microbiology. 2nd Edition, Published by New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., Kolkata. Price Rs.485/-.
2.
Ananthanarayan R & Jayaram Paniker CK (2000). Text book of Microbiology. 6th Edition, Orient Longman Limited, Chennai.
3.
Kuby Immunology - Riachard A Goldsby, Thomas J Kindt. Barbara A Osborne, (2000) 4th Edition. W.H Freeman and Company, New York.
4.
Tizard K (1983). Immunology. An Introduction. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
5.
Roitt, IM (1988). Essential of Immunology. ELBS-Blackwell Scientific publishers, London
.
SEMESTER IV
ALLIED PAPER -COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY
Unit I
Introduction to Computers: Introduction - Types of computers -Characteristics of Computers. Five Generations of Modern Computers: First Generation - Second Generation, Third Generation, Fourth Generation and Fifth Generation computers. Classification of Digital Computer Systems: Introduction -Microcomputers - Personal Computers - Workstations Portable Computers - Minicomputers - Mainframes - Supercomputers -Network Computers. Programming Languages: Introduction -Machine Languages - Assembly Languages - High-level languages. Input Devices: Introduction - Keyboard - Mouse -Types of Mice - Connections - Mouse Pad - Trackball- Joystick -Digitizing tablet - Scanners - Digital camera. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) - Optical Character Recognition (OMR) - BAR Code Reader - Speech Input Devices - Touch Screen - Touch Pad - Light Pen. Output Devices: Introduction -Monitor Classification of Monitors - Based on Color -Characteristics of a Monitor - Printer Daisy Wheel Printer - Dot Matrix Printer - Inkjet Printer - Laser printer - LCD & LED Printer - Line Printer - Thermal Printer - Plotter - Sound Cards & Speakers Auxiliary Storage Devices: Magnetic Tape - Hard Disk - Floppy Disk - CD-Rom.
Unit II
Flow Charts: Flow Chart Symbols - A Simplified Model of a Computer More flow Charting examples. Fortran programming preliminaries: Higher-level languages for Computers - The FORTRAN Language - Characters used in FORTRAN. FORTRAN CONSTANTS and Variables: FORTRAN Constants - FORTRAN Variable name - Type declaration for integers and reals. Arithmetic Expressions: Arithmetic Operators and modes for expressions - Integer expressions - Real expressions - Hierarchy of operations in expressions - Examples of arithmetic expressions - Arithmetic Statement - Defining variables - Some problems due to rounding of real numbers - Mixed mode expressions - Special functions - Examples of use of functions -Program preparation preliminaries.
Input-Output Statements: List directed input statements. Control Statements: Relational Operators - Logical IF Statement - Statement Labels - GO TO Statement - Nested logical IF statement - The arithmetic IF statement. The DO statement: The DO statement - Rules to followed in utilizing DO loops - The REPEAT WHILE structure. Subscripted Variable: Use of Multiple Subscript - Subscript Expression - DIMENSION Statement - DO type notation for input / output statements - Summary of Subscript rules.
Unit III
FUNCTIONS AND SUBROUTINES: Introduction - Statement functions Function Subprograms - Syntax rules for function subprograms - Subroutines - The COMMON declaration -Labelled COMMON - Placement of array elements in COMMON -Execution time DIMENSION for arrays - Use of procedure names as arguments. Processing Files in FORTRAN: Creating a sequential file - Searching a sequential file - Updating a sequential file - Merging two sequential files - Direct access files.
Unit IV
FoxPro overview and sample session - ACCEPT, INPUT - ACTIV ATE / DEFINE MENU, DEFINE PAD - ACTIVATE / DEFINE POPUP, DEFINE BAR, BAR 0- ACTIVATE / DEFINE WINDOW, ACTIVATE SCREEN- APPEND CALCULATE - CALL, LOAD, RELEASE MODULE - DATE 0, TIME 0, SET CLOCK- DELETE, RECALL, PACK- DIMENSION - DIR- DISPLAY, LIST, CLEAR-DO- DO CASE, CASE, OTHERWISE, ENDCASE - DO WHILE, EXIT, LOOP, ENDDO, EOF O.
Unit V
EDIT- FIND -SEEK - SEEK 0- FOR, ENDFOR- GO - GO TO -GO BOTTOM - GO TOP - SKIP - IF - ELSE- END IF - INDEX -REINDEX INSERT - JOIN - LOCATE, CONTINUE - MODIFY COMMAND - MODIFY MEMO, CLOSE MEMO, MEMLINES 0, MLINE 0 - MODIFY STRUCTURE REPLACE - RUN - SAY, SAY GET, SAY PICTURE - CLEAR GETS, READ-SCAN, ENDSCAN -SCROLL - SET Commands - SORT - STORE, RELEASE, SAVE, RESTORE - SUM - SUSPEND, RESUME - TEXT, ENDTEXT -TOTAL-UPDATA-USE-WAIT.
Reference Books
1.
Fundamentals of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Alexis Leon 8B Mathews Leon, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (Unit I).
2.
Fourth Edition Computer Programming in FORTRAN 77. V.RajaRaman, PHI Pvt. New Delhi (Unit II & III)
3.
Illustrated FOXPRO 2.0, Robert Granillo BPB Publications, New Delhi-110001. (Unit IV &V).
Note: This paper has to be taught and exam, papers to be valued by only Computer Science Board.
MAIN PRACTICAL - II (End of the Second year)
Max. Marks : 100
Exam, duration : 6 hours.
1.
Isolation of Genomic DNA (crude method).
2.
Isolation of Auxotrophic mutant by replica plate method.
3.
Isolation of drug resistant mutants by gradient plate method.
4.
Isolation of plasmid DNA by alkaline lysis method (Demonstration only).
Agglutination reaction
i) Widal test
ii) ASO test
iii) RA test
iv) CRPtest
v) Pregnancy test (Direct/Indirect)
10.
ELISA - HBs Ag/HIV 1 & 2 test (Demonstration only).
Reference Books
1.
Aneja KR (2005). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology. 4th Edition, New Age International Publishers, Chennai. Price Rs.225/-.
2.
Myer's and Koshi's Manual of Diagnostic Procedures in Medical Microbiology and Immunology/Serology. Published by Department of Clinical Microbiology, CMC and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu.
ALLIED PRACTICAL - II BIOSTATISTICS & COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
IN BIOLOGY
(FORTRAN & FOXPRO) (End of the Second year)
Max. Marks : 100
Exam, duration : 3 hours.
Programming List:
1.
Finding Mean, Standard deviation and Mean deviation for a given problem.
2.
Calculating the Correlation coefficients.
3.
Finding Regression coefficients and Regression lines.
4.
Calculating Student 't'-test for a given problem.
5.
Calculating Chi-square test for a given problem.
6.
Sorting
7.
Indexing.
8.
Multiple database.
9.
Reports generation.
MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY
Max. Marks : 100
Exam. duration : 3 hours.
Unit I
Collection and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological examination - Virulence factors of bacteria causing human infections - Normal flora of human body.
Laboratory diagnosis of parasitic infections - Collection of samples, detection of ova, cyst - direct and concentration methods, Blood smear examination, Molecular diagnosis - PCR Mechanism of disease transmission with reference to vectors -vector control.
Unit IV
Morphology and classification of fungi - Isolation and identification of fungi from clinical specimens, lab. diagnosis -Superficial mycosis - Pityriasis versicolor, Tinea nigra Cutaneous mycosis - Dermatophytosis - Subcutaneous mycosis - Sporotrichosis, Mycetoma, Rhinosporidiosis.
Karyakarte RP & Damle AS (2005). Medical Parasitology. Books & Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkatta. Price Rs.235/-.
2.
Mehrotra RS and Aneja KR (1990). An introduction to Mycology. New Age International Publishers.
3.
Jagadish Chander (1996). A text book of Medical Mycology. Interprint, New Delhi.
4.
Chakraborty P (2003). A Text book of Microbiology. 2nd Edition, Published by New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., Kolkata. Price Rs.485/-.
FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I
Food as a substrate for microbes - Microbes involved in food microbiology - Mould, Yeast, Bacteria - Factors affecting the growth of Microorganisms in food.
Unit II
Principles of food preservation - Asepsis - Removal of microorganisms, anaerobic conditions - high and low temperatures - drying - radiation - chemical preservatives -food additives.
Unit III
Food spoilage - General principles - underlying food spoilage and contamination - Cereals, vegetables, fruits, egg and poultry products, meat, fish, sea foods and canned foods
Unit IV
Microorganisms in milk and milk products - Yoghurt, kefir, koumiss, butter milk, butter and cheese - Quality control of Milk - MBR, SPC, Phosphatase tests.
Unit V
Food-borne diseases - Food poisoning - infective and toxic bacterial and non-bacterial food borne diseases and their diagnosis - Food sanitation and its control measures.
References
1.
Adams MR Moss MO (2004). Food Microbiology, 2nd Edition, Panima Publishing House, New Delhi. Price Rs.395/-.
2.
James M Jay (2003). Modern Food Microbiology. 4th Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi. Price Rs.250/-.
3.
Frazier WC and Westhoff DC (1988). Food Microbiology, 4th Edition, Mc Graw Hill, New York.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Unit I
Recombinant DNA: Historical perspective and early experiment
in vivo gene construction like PI - transduction - cloning vectors, cloning hosts - Bacteria and fungi.
Enzymes in Genetic Engineering - Restriction endonucleases, ligases, Alkaline phosphatase, polynucleotide kinase, Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase - III, Taq polymerase, Reverse transcriptase, poly (A) polymerase and Deoxyribonuclease.
Unit IV
Cloning strategies:- Core techniques - gene manipulating cutting and joining DNA -Construction of genomic libraries and cDNA libraries - Gene transfer in Bacteria - Electroporation and particle bombardment - Analysis of cloned foreign genes.
Unit V
Hybridization in liquid and solid support. PCR methods and application - DNA sequencing methods - di-deoxy and chemical method.
References
1.
Mitra (2005). Genetic Engineering. Published by Macmillan India Ltd., Chennai. Price Rs.365/-
2.
Jogdand SN (2005). Gene Biotechnology. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
3.
Satyanarayana U (2005). Biotechnology. 1st Edition, Books and Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkata.
Preeti Joshi (2002). Genetic Engineering and its applications. 1st Edition, Agrobios (India).
6.
Primrose SB, RM Twyman and RW Old (2001). Principles of Gene Manipulation. 6th Edition, Blackwell Science Ltd.
BIOINSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES
Unit I
Basic rules of a Microbiology Laboratory - Basic requirements Microbiology Laboratory - Basic principles, operating mechanism and applications of autoclave, hot air oven, Laminar air flow and pH meter.
Unit II
Centrifugation methods - Basic principles of sedimentation, centrifugal force, Swedberg constant. Types of centrifuges -Differential, density gradient and ultra centrifugation.
Unit III
Chromatography - preparation, packing of columns, adsorption and elution. Paper, Thin layer, Ion-exchange and HPLC techniques and their application.
Unit IV
Spectrophotometric methods - Beer's Lambert's Law -Principles, operating mechanism and applications of colorimeter, Spectrophotometer and Flurescence spectroscopy.
Unit V
Electrophoresis - Basic principles and their applications -Agarose gel electrophoresis - SDS PAGE - Blotting - Southern and Western - Autoradiography.
Reference Books
1.
Prakash M and Arora CK. Laboratory instrumentation. Anmol
Publications Pvt. Ltd.
2.
Keith Wilson and John Walker (2000). Practical Biochemistry. 5th Edition,
Cambridge University Press.
3.
Practical Biochemistry by Boyer.
THEORY PAPER XI - ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION MICROBIOLOGY
MAX.MARKS: 100
Unit I
Environment Ecosystems, food chain - niche. Soil, water and air environment - Microbiology of air - microbial contamination of air - Enumeration of bacteria in air - Air sampling devices - Air sanitation.
Unit II
Microbiology of water - Determination of water quality -bacteriological examination of water - indicator organisms -water pollution and waterborne pathogens. Microbiology of sewage - chemical and biochemical characteristics of sewage -Sewage treatment and disposal of wastes - Pollution problems and their control.
Unit III
Industrial effluents - Heavy metal pollution - BOD - COD -Biodegradation, bioremediation - treatment. Noise pollution, pollution of radioactive elements.
Unit IV
Solid wastes - Composition - degradation - microbial conversion of solid wastes to food (Mushroom), fuels (biogas) Bioleaching of ores, bioaccumulation of metals, methylation of heavy metals.
Unit V
Biodegradation of oil, pesticide degradation. Biodeterioration of materials - paint, paper, wood and leather. Xenobiotic degradation.
Reference Books
1.
Mitchell, R. (1974). Introduction to Environmental Microbiology; prantice Hall. Inc. Englewood Cliffs - New Jersey.
2.
Dart, R.K. Shettron, R.J. (1980). Microbiological aspects of pollution control 2nd Ed. Elsevier scientific publishing company.
3.
Atlas, R.N and Bartha R. (1992). Microbial Ecology : Fundamentals and applications, 3rd Ed. Redwood city. CA. Benjamin/Cummings.
4.
Alexander M. (1977). Introduction to soil Microbiology NY. Johnwiley and sons.
5.
Reinheimer G. (1991). Aquatic Microbiology. 4^ Ed. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
Lynch JM and Hobbie JE. (1988). Microorganisms in action : Concepts and applications in microbial ecology. Boston MA : Blackwell Scientific Co.
8.
Lynch JM and Poole NJ (1979). Microbial ecology A conceptual approach. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
9.
Levin MA, Seidler RJ and Rovul M (1991). Microbial ecology. Principles, New York : M C Graw-Hill.
10.
Mitcheli Reed (1992). Environmental Microbiology John Wiley & Sons. New York.
THEORY PAPER XII - FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY MAX.MARKS: 100
Unit I
Food and Microorganisms - Bacteria, molds, yeasts. Factors affecting the growth of Microorganisms in food.
Unit II
Principles of food preservation - Asepsis - Removal of Microorganisms, anaerobic conditions - High temperature - low temperature - Drying - food additives.
Unit III
Spoilage of food, cereals, vegetables, eggs, milk and milk products, meat and meat products, fish and sea food and canned foods. Microbiological examination of foods.
Unit IV
Fermented foods - Bread, cheese, vinegar, fermented vegetables, fermented dairy products. Spoilage and defects of fermented dairy products.
Stanbury PF, Whiteker, A and Hall SJ, (1995). Principles o: Fermentation Technology. 2 Edition. Pergamon Press.
THEORY PAPER XIII - INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
MAX.MARKS: 100
Unit I
- An introduction on fermentation processes - The range of fermentation processes - chronological development - component parts of a fermentation process.
Unit II
Industrially important microorganisms - Isolation, preservation, improvement of strains - development of inoculum for various fermentation process - Media for industrial fermentation -formulation - sterilization.
Unit III
Fermentation types and cultures - Submerged and solid state
fermentation - down stream processing - Recovery and
purification of intra-cellular and extracellular products.
Unit IV
Fermentor design - Body construction, heat production - man transfer - heat transfer, stirring and mixing - newtonian, non-newtonian fluids - oxygen transfer - effect of viscosity. Scaleup -control of temperature - PH, Foam pressure - computer applications in fermentation technology.
Unit V
Microbial production of Ethanol and Wine - Amino acids -antibiotics - enzymes - vitamins - Microbial transformations -steroids and sterols, non-steroid compound
Reference Books
1.
Stanbury, P.F., A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall, (1995). Principles of fermentation Technology. 2nd Ed. Pergamon Press.
2.
Peppier, H.J and D. Pearlman, (1979). Microbial Technology. Vol. 1 and II Academic Press.
Microbial interaction between microbes - Neutralism,' commensalism, Synergism, Mutualism, Ammensalism, Competition, Parasitism and Predation. Interaction of microbes with plants - Rhizosphere, phyllosphere and mycorrhiza. Interaction of microbes - insects and Rumen.
Unit IV
Plant pathology (Symptoms, Disease cycle and control measures) Bacterial diseases - Blight of rice, citrus canker, wilt of potato Fungal diseases - Blast of Rice, late blight of potato, Rust of wheat, smut of sugarcane, red rot of sugarcane, wilt of cotton, Tikka leaf spot of groundnut.
Unit V
Biofertilizer - Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter Cyanobacteria, Azolla - Mass multiplication, field application and crop response. Biopesticide -Bacterial, Fungal and viral.
Reference Books
1.
Robert, L.Tate, (1995). Soil microbiology. First Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York.
2.
Alexander, M. (1977). Introduction to soil Microbiology, NY, John Wiley & Sons.
Subba Rao, N.S., (1995). Biofertilizers in Agriculture anc Forestry. 3^d Edition. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co., Pvt. Ltd., Nev Delhi.
5.
Paul. E.A. and Clark F.E., (1986). Soil Microbiology anc Biochemistry. New York, Academic Press.
6.
Martin Alexander (1999). Biodegradation and bioremediation Academic Press
7.
Bagyaraj and Rangasamy, Agricultural Microbiology.
8.
Prabaharan G. (2003). Introduction to Soil and Agricultura Microbiology. 1st Edition. Himalaya Publications (under press).
THEORY PAPER XIV - MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
MAX. MARKS: 100
Unit I
Biotechnology - definition - concepts - history and achievements. - Introduction to gene manipulation - Plasmids - types of plasmids, episomes - plasmid banks - phasmids, Phagemids - j cosmids - transposons - Yeast vectors - properties and General i characterisation.
Unit II
Enzymes - restriction endo nucleases - Nomenclature -classification and application, Nucleases, Methylases, ligases -Definition of a gene, structures, cloning techniques - genomic , library, c-DNA expression systems.
Unit III
- Nucleic acid and protein hybridization techniques - Southern, Northern and Western blottings - PCR - DNA sequencing.
Unit IV
Principles and application of genetic recombinant technology and strain improvement (mutational, r-DNA) Production of j biotechnological products - SCP (algae, yeast, mushroom), Biofertilizer (BGA, VAM), Biopesticides - Bacillus thuringiencis -Fuel-ethanol - Microbial algal technology.
Unit V
- Microbial synthesis- of commercial production - pharmaceutical products - Insulin, Interferon, Growth hormone and antibiotics -Gene therapy methods.
Reference Books
1.
Brown T.A. (1995). Gene cloning, Chapman and Hull.
2.
Benjamin lewin (1997). Genes VII. Oxford University Press.
3.
Glick B.R. and Pasternak J J (1999). Molecular Biotechnology ASM Press, Washington D.C.
4.
Freifelder D (1995). Molecular Biology. Narosa Publishing house New Delhi.
5.
Old R.S. and Primrose S.B. (1995). Principles of Gene Manipulation. 5th edition Blackwell Scientific Publications London.
6.
Watson JD Gilman, M. Witkowski. J, Zoller M, (2000). Recombinant DNA 2nd edition. Scientific American Books.
7.
Winnacker EL (1987). From Genes to clones. Introduction to Gene technology vett Weinheim.
MAIN PRACTICAL - III
(End of the Third Year)
Reference Books
1.
General requirements of collections, transport of clinical specimens - Direct examinations - staining of specimens -Methods of enriched, selective and enrichment culture techniques used to isolate organisms from clinical materials.
2.
Wet mount examinations of stool for parasites. Cholera stool, vaginal specimens for Trichomonas.
3.
KOH and Lactophenol preparations for skin scrapings, for fungi and for scabies mites.
4.
Simple, differential and special staining of clinical materials viz. Throat swab, vaginal swab, slit smears, pus, urine, sputum, stool etc.
5.
Enumeration of Bacteria in urine. Quantitative urine culture.
6.
Estimation of worm burden in stool. Floatation and sedimentation techniques of stool examination.
7.
Germ tube, Assimilation, fermentation tests for yeasts.
8.
Isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens from clinical specimens their biochemical reactions.
9.
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing and determination of MIC and
quality control.
10.
Identification of pathogenic microbes including viruses in slides/
smears/specimens as spotters.
MAIN PRACTICAL - IV
(End of the Third Year)
MAX.MARKS: 100
Reference Details
1.
1. Examination of plant diseases
a) Blight and Blast disease in paddy
b) Early and late blight of potato
c) Citrus canker
d) Rust of Wheat
e) Smut of sugarcane
f) Red rot of surgarcane
g) Wilt of cotton
h) Tikka leaf spot
2.
Isolation of Nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodules of legumes.
3.
Enumeration of microorganisms from soil.
4.
Study of Morphology of cyanobateria and Azolla.
5.
Standard plate count technique.
6.
MPNTest.
7.
Settle plate method.
8.
Air sampling technique.
9.
Isolation of bacteriophage from sewage.
10.
Mushroom cultivation (Demonstration only)
11.
Biogas production (Demonstration only)
12.
Degradation of pesticide and dyes (Demonstration only)
13.
Isolation of Lactobacilli and Staphylococci from curd.
14.
Isolation of bacteria and fungi from spoiled food materials.
