syllabus back
SEMESTER I
PAPER – III – MAJOR 1 : CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
 
CELL BIOLOGY
Unit I
Introduction about Biotechnology : Definition : history and scope of Biotechnology, Biotechnology in India, Recent trends in Biotechnology, Applications of Biotechnology.
 
Unit II
Cell as a Basic unit of Living Systems Surface Architecure : Discovery of cell, Cell theory, Ultrastructure of an eukaryotic cell both plant and animal cell). Structure and functions of cell organelles Endoplasmic reticulam, Golgi complex, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosomes, LYsosomes, Peroxisomes, Nucleus, Ultrastructure of prokaryotic cell. Cavuole, Cytoskeletal structures (microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediate filaments).
 
Unit III : Chromosomes, Cell Division, cell motility Cell senescence
Discovery, morphology and structural Organization centromere, secondary construction, telomere, chromonema, euchromatina nd heterochromatin, karyotype. Ultrastructure: Single stranded hypotheses, folded fibre and nucleosome models. Special types of chromosomes; Salivary gland and Lampbrush chromosomes, Cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, Amoeboid, cilliary and flagellar movements.
 
GENETICS
Unit IV
Structure of DNA and RNA a brief account Mendelism: Mendels work, laws of heredity, Test cross, Incomplete dominance and simple problems. Interaction of Genes : Supplementary factors: Comb pattern in fowls Complementary genes: Flower colour in sweet peas. Epistasis: multiple allelism: Blood groups in human beings. Sex Determination in Plants and animals: concepts of allosomes and autosomes.
 
Unit V
Cytoplasmic Inheritance : Plastid inheritance in Mirabilis, petite characters in yeast and kappa particles in paramecium. Mutations: Types: spointaneousis and induced, Mutagens: Physical and chemical, Mutation at the molecular level.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS :
 
1. Molecular Biology of cell Bruce Alberts et al., Garland publications.
2. Animals Cytology Evolution MJD, white Cambridge University publications.
3. Molecular Cell Biology Daniel, Scientific American Books.
4. Cell Biology Jack D. Bruke The William Twilkins Company.
5. Principles of Gene Manipulations Old Primrose, Black Well Scientific Publications.
6. Cell Biology - Ambrose Dorouthy M Easty, ELBS Publications.
7. Fundamentals of Cytology Sharp, Mc Graw Hill Company
8. Cytology Wilson Marrision, Reinform Publications
9. Molecular Biology Smith Faber Faber Publications
10. Cell Biology Molecular Biology EDP Roberties EMF Roberties, Sauder College.
11. Principles of Genetics E.J. Gardener, M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad, John Wiley Sons Publications.
12. Cell and molecular Biology Slc. Rastogi (2003) New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
13. Biotechnology by U. Satyanarayana (2005), Books and allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata – 10.
 
PAPER – IV – ALLIED 1 : BIOCHEMISTRY – I
 
Unit I
Carbohydrates : - Monosaccharides and Disaccharides – Definition, Classification, structure, properties and biological significance, Polysaccharides – Types and biological importance.
 
Unit II
Amino acids – classification, essential an Non-essential amino acid, structure and properties. Proteins-Definition, classification and function, Structure levels of organization, Denaturation and Renaturation.
 
Unit III
Enzymes : Definitions, classification with example, Active site, Lock and Key model, Induced fit hypothesis, Enzyme units, Kinetics factors affecting enzyme activity, M.M. equation, LB, Plot, Enzyme inhibition.
 
Unit IV : Lipids
Classification of lipids, physical and chemical properties, saturated, unsaturated fatty acids and steroids. Structure of cell membrane and Transport.
 
Unit V : Vitamins
Classification, occurance, deficiency symptoms, biochemicals functions of fat soluble and water soluble vitamis.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS :
 
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. J.L. Jain – S. Chand publication 2004.
2. Biochemistry Agarwal – Gobi Publications – Year 1999, Rs. 300.00
3. General Biochemistry – 6th Edition – J.H. Weil – New Age Internals Publishers – Rs. 235.00
4. Biochemistry IInd edition – Keshar Trehan – New age Internaltion Publoishers – Rs. 200.00
5. Text book of Biochemistry – IV Edition, Edward Staution West, Wilbert. Todd, Howard S. Manson, John, Bruggen – Oxford. IBH Published – Co. Pvt Ltd. Year – 1996 Rs. 615.00
 
SEMESTER II
PAPER – VII – MAJOR 2 : FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY
 
Unit I : Introduction and scope of microbiology
Definition and history of microbiology, contributions of Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Importance and scope of Microbiology as a modern Science Branches of microbiology.
 
Microscopy
Construction and working principles of different types of microscopes – Compound, Dark field, phase contrast, Fluorescence and Electron (Scanning and Transmission).
 
Unit II : Microbial Techniques
(A) Sterilization : Principles and Aplications – Phasical Methods, Autoclave, hotairoven, Laminar airflow, Seitz filter, Sintered glass filter, and membrane filter. Chemical Methids. Alcohol, Aldehydes, Phenold, Halogens and Gaseous agens. Radiation methods: UV rays and Gamma rays (B). Stains and staining techniques: Principles and types of technique – simple staining, Negative staining and Differential staining.
 
Unit III : Microbial Taxonomy
Concept of microbial species and strains, Classification of bacteria based on – morphology, staining reaction, nutrition and extreme environment.
 
Unit IV : General Account of Viruses and Bacteria
(A) Viruses – Structure and classification. Plant Viruses – CaMV. Animal viruses – Hepatits B. Bacterial Virus – Lamba phage. (B) Bacterial – Ultrastructure of bacteria cell 9Gram positive and Gram negative) including endospore and capsule.
 
Unit V : Eukaryotic microorganisms
Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, algae and protozoans. Pathogenic Microorganisms. (A) Bacterial diseases of man – Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia and Cholera. (B) Viral diseases: Aids (HIV) Microbial Metabolism: (A) Respiration: EMP, HMP and ED Pathways, Kreb’s cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation./ (B) Bacterial Photosynthesis: Light & Dark reaction.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS:
 
1. Microbiology – Pelczer, chan, krieg Tata McGraw Hill publications.
2.Microbiology – concepts and application by Paul A. Ketchum, Willey Publications.
3. Fundamentals of Microbiology – Frobisher, Sauders & toppen publications
4. Microbiology – Ronald M. Atlas
5. Introductory Biotechnology – R.B. Singh C.B.D. Indian (1990)
6. Fundamentals of Bacteriology – Salley
7. Fontiers in Microbial technology – P.S. Bisen, CBS Publishers
8. Biotechnology: International Trends of perspectives A.T. Bull, G. Holl D. Lilly Oxford & TBH Publishers.
9. General Microbiology – C.B. Power, H.F. Daginawala, Himalayan Publishing House.
10. Biology of Microorganisms, Brockl, T.D. and Madigan, M.T., Prentice Hall International, 1997.
11. Microbiology an Introduction, Tortora, Funke and Case, Addison Wesley Longman Inc, 1997.
12. Principles of Microbiology, Atlas, R.M., 2nd Ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1997.
13. Text book of Microbiology R. Anandanarayanan and C.K.J. Paniker.
 
 
PAPER – VIII – ALLIED 2 : BIOCHEMISTRY – II
 
Unit I
PH Definition and determination – Buffers –  Definition, Important buffers in blood (Biocarbonate, phosphate and hemoglobin buffer systems). Electrolytes and its significance, principles and applications of colorimetry, spectrophotometry, chromatography (Paper and TLC) and electrophoresis (Agarose gel, SDS – PAGE and iso electric focusing).
 
Unit II
Carbohydate metabolism : Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, HMP shunt, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, Lipid Metabolism: B-oxidation, Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids.
 
Unit III
Protein metabolism – Deamination, transmination and decarboxylation of aminoacids, Urea cycle. Interrelationship of carbohydrates, fat and protein metabolism.
 
Unit IV
Bioenergetics : Law of thermodynamics, Redox potential, Respiratory chain oxidative phosphorylation (theory and mechanism) High energy compounds.
 
Unit V
Hormones : Definition, classification of hormones, Second messengers (Cyclic AMP, IP3 & DG), Biological functions and disorders of pancreatic hormone (Insulin), thyroid hormone (thyroxin), pituitary hormone (GH, ADH) and Adrenal medullary hormones (Adrenaline, Noradrenaline).
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Practical Biochemistry. Keita Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University press.
2. Haper’s Biochemistry. 24th edition Robert. K. Murray, Daryl K. Kranner, Peter A, Mayes, Victor W. Rudwell, Prentice–Hall internation–Unc Rs.
3. Bio chemistry – 3rd education – Lubert Stryer, W.H. Freeman & Co year 1988, Rs. 3010.00
4. Fundamental of Biochemistry, J.L. Jain, S. Chand Publication year 2004.
 
PAPER – IX – MAJOR PRACTICAL 1: LAB IN CELL BIOLOGY GENETICS AND MICROBIOLOGY
 
Cell biology and Genetics
1. Cell staining – Staining of Plant cell (onion epidermal cell), Animal cell (Squamous epithelial cell), mBlood cell, Microbial cells (Bacteria & Yeast).
2. Staining of Macromolecules – Starch, Cellulose, Callose and Proteins.
3. Use of Micrometer and calibration, measurement of onion epidermal cells and yeast.
4. Cell division: mitotic and meiotic studies in grasshopper testes, onion root tips and flower buts
5. Chromosomes: mounting of polytene chromosomes
6. Sex chromating (Buccal smear)
7. Estimation of chlorophyll content by spectrophotometry.
 
MICROBIOLOGY
1. Safety measures in microbiology laborlatory.
2. Cleaning and sterilization of glass wares.
3. Study of instruments: Compound microscope, Autoclave, Hot air oven, pH meter, Laminar air-flow and Centrifuge.
4. Staining Techniques:Simple, Negative staining, Grams staining, Endospore staining and fungal staining.
5. Medial preparation: Nutrient agar and Nutrient broth
6. Isolation and enumeration of bacterial from soil, air and water  - dilution and pour plate and spread plate methods, isolation of fungi from soil.
7. Enumeration of microorganisms – Direct Count.
8. Antibiotic sensitivity test.
9. Biochemical tests – starch hydrolysis, catalase & gelatin liquefaction.
10. Study of Rhizobium from root nodules of legumes.
 
PAPER – X – ALLIED PRACTICAL 1 : LAB IN BIOCHEMISTRY
1.  Qualitative Analysis
1. Analysis of carbohydrates – Glucose, fructose, Xylose, Sucrose, Lactose and Starch.
2. Analysis of Amino acids – Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Arginine, methionine,cysteine & Phenylalanine.
 
II. Preparation
1. Starch from potato
2. Casein from milk
3. Phospholipid from Egg yolk.
 
III. Estimation
1. Estimation of Glycine by formal titration method
2. Estimation of Ascorbic acid by 2,6, Dichlorophenol indophenol dye.
3. Determination of acid number
4. Determination of saponification value
5. Estimation of urea by DAM colorimetric method
6. Estimation of Glucos by ortho-Toludine method
 
IV Techniques
1. Separation of aminoacids and sugar by ascending paper chromatography
2. Separation of lipid by TLC
 
SUGGESTED READING
1. An introduction to practical Biochemistry by. Darid. T. Plummer.
2. Laboratory manual in biochemistry by Pattarbiraman and Acharya
3. Practical biochemistry by J. Jayaraman.
 
Note : The Allied Biochemistry paper should be handled and evaluated by Biochemistry staff only.
 
SEMESTER III
PAPER – XIII – MAJOR 3: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 
Unit I
Molecular basis of life – an introduction. Experimental proof DNA and RNA as genetic material. Nucleic Acids Structure and functions (DNA and RNA). Waston and Crick model of DNA and other forms of DNA (A and Z). functions of DNA and RNA including ribosomes. DNA Replication Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic – Enzymes and proteins involved in replication, Theta model and Rolling circle model.
 
Unit II
DNA Repair Causes and mechanism – Photoreactivation, excision repair, mismatch repair, SOS repair. Recombination in prokaryotes Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction. Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene – genetic code, Properties and Wobble hypothesis.
 
Unit III
Transcription in Prokayotes and Eukaryotes. Mechanism, of Promoters and RNA polymerase, transcription factors, Post, transcriptional modifications of eukaryotic mRNA.
 
Unit IV
Translation. Mechanism of translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Post, translational modifications of proteins. Regulation of Gene expression. Regulation of Gene expression in Prokaryotes – Operon concept 9Lac and Tryp). Regulation of Gene expression in Eukaryotes – transcriptional activation galactose metabolism in yeast.
 
Unit V
Gene organization and expression in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts. Insertional elements and transposons. Transposable elements in Maize and Drophila.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Gene VI Lewin, B., New York, Oxford University Press.
2. Genetic Engineering, Rigby, P.W.J. (1987) Academic Press Inc. Florida, USA.
3. Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Walker J.M. and Gingold, E.B. (1983) (Indian Eudition) Royal Society of Chemistry U.K
4. Cell & Molecular Biology, 3rd Edition, Karp. G (2002) – John Wiley & Sons: INC
5. Genetics – T.A. Brown
6. Molecular biology – David Freifelder.
7. Cell and Molecular Biology – S.C. Rastogi (2003), New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
 
PAPER – XIV – ALLIED 3 : BIOSTATISTICS
 
Unit I
Bio Statistics – Definition – types of data – Quantitative, Qualitative data – Sources of data in Life Science – Limitation and uses of Statistics.
 
Unit II
Collection of data – Primary data designing Questionnaire and Schedule – Secondary data – Methods of Collection data – Methods of collection of data – Classification of data – Tabulation and presentation of data.
 
Unit III
Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric Mean – Merits and Demerits. Measures of dispersion – Range, Standard Deviation, Mean deviation, Quartile deviation, Merits and demerits, Coefficients of variation.
 
Unit IV
Correlation – Types and Methods of correlation, Rank – Correlation, Regression, Simple regression equation, fitting, Prediction.
 
Unit V
Sampling Methods – Population, Sample. Simple Random Sample – Concept of Sampling distributions – standard error – Test of Significance – Hypothesis – Simple Test of Significance – Hypothesis – Simple hypothesis – Tests based on Large Samples and Smalls – Chi- Square test.
 
Text Books
1. Gordon and K.Natarajan, Banking Theory, Law and Practice, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
2. K.P.M. Sundharam & P.N. Varshney, Banking Theory, Law and Practice, Sultan Chand & sons, New Delhi.
 
Note : This paper has to be taught by a teacher in Statistics and valued by a teacher in Statistics. This paper has to be referred to statistics board for valuation.
 
SEMESTER – IV
PAPER – XVII – MAJOR – 4: BIOPHYSICS
 
Unit I
Energetics of a living body, Laws of Thermodynamics, Nature of chemical bonds, intra and intermolecular interactions in biological systems.
 
Unit II
Absorption spectroscopy – Beer – Lambert’s Law, Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry 9Single and double beam spectrophotometer). Primary biophysical events in photosynthesis, physical methods of determining size and shape of macromolecules – Diffusion Sedimentation, Reverse Osmosis.
 
Unit III
Spectroscopy – UV, Visible, Fluoresence, atomic absorption, IR to Raman Spectra, MASS spectroscopy and LASER.
 
Unit IV
Physical methods of imaging intact biological structures (X-ray, CAT-Scan, ECG, EEG, NMR).
 
Unit V
Structure of proteins, X-ray crystallography, Centrifugation, GM-Counter, Autoradiography.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Physical Biochemistry, Applications to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology D, Freifelder.
2. General Biophysics,. Vol. I & II – H.V. Volkones.
3. Molecular Biophysics – B. Pullman & M. Voino.
4. Biophysical chemistry – Upadhyay.
5. Protein structure and molecular properties – W.H. Freman & Company
6. Physical chemistry of Macromolecules, Tanford, C. John Wiley and Som.
7. Biotechnology – 3- S. Mahesh (2003), New Age International (P), Ltd. New Delhi.
PAPER – XVIII – SPECIAL PAPER : ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (COMPULSORY) (100 MARKS)
 
Unit I
The Multi disciplinary nature environmental studies : Definition, scope and important Need for public awareness.
 
Unit II
Natural Resource: Renewable and non- renewable resources: forest resources :  Use and over – exploitation, deforestation, case studies. Timber extraction, mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people: water resources: Use and over-utilization of surface and ground water, floods, dams benefits and problems: Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources, case studies: Food resources: World food problems, changes caused buy agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, Fertilizer – pesticide problems, water logging, salinity case studies; Energy resources; growing energy needs, renewable and non-renewable energy source, case studies; Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, soil erosion and desertification Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources, Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
 
Unit III
Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem, Structure and function of an ecosystem, Producers, consumers and decomposers, Energy flow in the ecosystem, Ecological succession, Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids, Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure, and function of the following ecosystem, Forest System, Grassland ecosystem, Desert ecosystem, Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers oceans, estuaries).
 
Unit IV
Biodiversity and its conservation : Introduction – Definition : Genetic, Species and eco- system diversity, Biogeographical classification of India, Value of Biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values, Biodiversity at global, National and local levels, India as a mega – diversity, Threats to biodiversity, Threats to biodiversity; habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, manwildlife conflicts, Endangered and endemic species of India, Conservation of Biodiversity: In-situ Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
 
Unit V
Environmental pollution : Causes, effects and control measures of Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Soil Pollution, Marine Pollution, Noise Pollution, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear hazards, Solid waste management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes, Role of an individual in the prevention of pollution, pollution case studies, Disaster Management : Flood, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
 
Unit VI
Social issues and Environment : From Unsustainable to Sustainable development, Urban problems related to energy, Water conservation, rain water harvesting water – shed management, Resettlement and rehabilitations of people, its problems and Concerns, Case studies, Environmental ethics : issues and possible solutions, Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, Case studies, Wasteland reclamation, Consumerism and waste products, Environment Protection Act, Air (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act, Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation,l Public awareness.
 
Unit VII
Human  Population and the Environment : Population growth, variation among nations, Populations explosion – family Welfare Programme, Environment and human health, Human Rights, Value Education, HIV/AIDS, Women and child Welfare, Role information Technology in Environment and human health, case studies.
 
Unit VIII
Noise Pollution : Sources – measurement – effects of noise pollution on human beings, Wild life and non living things, Control of noise pollution.
 
Unit IX
Field work: Visit to a local area to document environmental assets – river / forest / grassland. / hill / mountain, Visit to a local polluted site – urban / Rural/ Industrial / Agricultural, Study of common plants, insects, birds, Study of simple ecosystems – pond, river, hill slopes, etc. (Field work equal to 5 lecture hours).
 
EXAMINATION PATTERN
 
In case of awarding the marks, the question paper should carry 100 marks. The structure of the question paper being.
Part – A, Short answer patter                             -           25 Marks
Part – B, Essay type with inbuilt choice               -           50 Marks
Part – C Field work                                               -          25 Marks
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Environmental Biology, Agrwal, K.C. 2001. Nidi Publ. Ltd., Bikaner
2. The biodiversity of India, Bharuch Erachi, Mapin Publishing Pvt. Ltd
3. Hazardous Waste incineration. Bruneeer, R.C., 1989. McGraw Hill Inc., 480P
4. Marin Pollution, Clark, R.S. Clanderson Press Oxford 9TB)
5. Environmental Encyclopedia, Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, E & Hepworth, M.T. 2001, Jaico Publ. House Mumbai, 1196P
6. Environmental Chemistry, De A.K Wiley Eastern Ltd.
7. Down to Earth, Centre for Science and Environment ®
8. Water in Crisis, Gjeick, H.P. 1993. Pacific Institute for studies in Development Environment & Security, Stockholm Env. Institute, Oxford Unlv. Press 473
9. Enxyclopedia of Indian Natural History. Hawkins R.E., Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay(R).
10. Global Biodiversity Assessment Heywood, V.H. & Watson, R.T. 1995, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1140P
11. Environmental Protection and Laws, Jadhav, H & Bhosale, V.M. 1995. Himalaya Pub. House, Delhi. 284P.
12. Environmental Science System & Solution, Mckinnery, M.L. & Schoch, R.M. 1996, Web enhanced edition, 636P.
13. Matter Hazardous, Mhaskar, A.K., Techno-Science Publications (TB)
14. Environmental Sicnece, Miller T.G. Jr. Wadsworth Publishing Co. 9TB)
15. Fundamental of Ecology, Odum, E.lP. 1971, W.B. Saunders Co. USA 574p
16. Waste Water treatment Rao, N. & Datta. A.K. 1987, Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. 345P.
17. Environmental Chemicstry, Sharmal B.K. 2001, Goel Publ. House, Meerut.
18. Survey of the Environment. The Hindu (M)
19. Essential of Ecology. Townsend. C., harper, J. and Mechael Begon, Blackwell Science 9TB).
20. Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules, Guidelines, Compliances and Standards, Vol I and II, Trivedi R>K. Enviro Media.
21. Introduction to air pollution Trivedi R>K. and P.K. Goel. Teedhno Science Publications (TB).
22. Environmental Management, Wagner K.D. 1998, W.B. Saunders Co Phildadelphia, USA 499P
(M) - Magazine
(R) - Reference
(TB) - Text Book
 
PAPER – XIX ALLIED 4: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY
 
Unit I
Introduction to Computers: Introduction – Types of Computers – Characteristics of Computers. Rice Generations of Modern Computers: First Generation – Second Generation, Third Generation, Fourth Generation and Firth Generation Computers. Classification of Digital Computers – Workstations Portable Computers – Minicomputers – Mainframes – Super computers – Net Computers. Programming Languages: Introduction – Machine Language – Assembly Language – High level languages. Input Devices: Introduction – Keyboard – Mouse – Types of mice – connections – Mouse Pad – Trackball – Joystick – Digitizing tablet – Scanners – Digital camera. Magnetic ink Character recognition (MICR) – Optical Character Recognition (OMR) Bar Code Reader – Speech Input Devices – Touch Screen – Touch Pad – Light Pen. Out put Devices: Introduction – Monitor Classification of Monitors – Based on Color – characteristics of a Monitor – Printer Daisy Wheel Printer – Dot Matrix Printer – Inkjet – Laser Printer – LCD & LED Printer – Line Printer – Thermal Printer – Plotter – Sound Cards & Speakers Auxiliary storage Devices: Magnetic Tape – Hard Disk – Floppy Disk – CD – Rom.
 
Unit II
Flow Charts: Symbols – A Simplified Model of a Computers More flow Charting examples. Fortran programming preliminaries: Higher – level language for computers – The FORTRAN Language – Characters used in FORTRAM. FORTRAN CONSTANTS and Variables: FORTRAN Constants FORTRAN Variable name – Type declaration for integers and reals. Arithmetic Expressions: Arithmetic Operators and modes for expressions – Integer expressions – Real expressions – Hierarchy of operations in expressions – examples of arithmetic expressions- Arithmetic Statement – Defining variables – Some problems due to rounding of Examples of use of functions _ Programme preparation preliminaries. Input – Output Statements: list directed input statements. Controls statements Relations Operators – Logical IF Statement – statements Labels – GO TO Statement – Nested logical IF statement the arithmetic IF statement. The Do statement : The Do statement – Rules to followed in utilizing DO loops – The REPEAT WHILE structure. Subscripted Variable: Use of Multiple Subscript – Subscript Expression – DIMENSION statement – Do type notation of input / output statements – summary of Subscript rules.
 
Unit III
FUNCTIONS AND SUBROUTINES: Introduction – Statement functions Function Subprograms – Syntax rules for functions subprograms – Subroutines – The COMMON  declaration – Labelled COMMON  - Placement of array – Use of procedure name as arguments. Processing Files in FORTRAN Creating a sequential file – Searching a sequential file – updating a sequential file – merging two sequential files – Direct access files.
 
Unit IV
Foxpro overview and sample session – ACCEPT. INPUT – ACTIVATE / DEFINE MENU. DEFINE PAD – ACTIVATE/ DEFINE POPUP, DEFINE BAR, BAR O – ACTIVITE / DEFINE WINDOW, ACTIVATE SCREEN – APPEND CALCULATE – CALL, LOAD, RELEASE MODULE – DATEO, TIME O, SET CLOCK DELETE, RECALL. PACK – DIMESION – DIR – DISPLAY, LIST, CLEAR – DO – DO CASE, OTHERWISE, ENDCASE – DO WHILE, EXIT, LOOP, ENDNO, EOF O.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Fundamentals of computers science and Communication Engineering, Alexis Leon & Mathews Leon, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (Unit1)
2. Fourth Education Computer Programming in FORTRAN 77.V. Raja Raman, PHI Pvt. New Delhi (Unit II & III)
3. Illustrated FORPRO 2.0 Robert Granillo BPB Publications, New Delhi – 110001. (Unit IV & V).
4. Introduction to Bioinformatics by V. Kothekar, 2004 Dhruv publications, Delhi – 95
 
Note : This paper has to be taught and exam. Papers to be valued by only Computer Science Board.
 
PAPER – XX MAJOR PRACTICAL 2 : LAB IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIPHYSICS
 
1. Isolation of DNA from plant, animal and bacterial
2. Separation of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis
3. Mutation of E.Coli UV & NTG
4. Conjugation interrupted and uninterrupted
5. Estimation of DNA by DPA method
6. Estimation of RNA by Orcinal method
7. Extraction and estimation of protein from animal and plant sources.
8. Protein separation by SDS – PAGE.
 
PAPER – XXI – ALLIED PRACTICAL – II – LAB IN BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY (FORTRAN AND FOXPRO)
 
Programming List
1. Finding Mean, Standard deviation and Mean deviation for a given problems.
2. Calculating the Correlation coefficients.
3. Finding Regression coefficients and regression lines
4. Calculating Student ‘t’ – test for a given problem
5. Calculating Chi – square  test for a given problem
6. Sorting
7. Indexing
8. Multiple database
9. Reports generation
 
SEMESTER  V
PAPER – XXII – MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Historical perspectives and overview of immune system, innate and acquired immunity, immune system structure and organization.
 
Unit II
Antigen and antigenicity, Immunoglobulins – Structure and function Complements, Antigen – Antibody interaction, Monoclonal antibodies.
 
Unit III
Organisation and expression of immunopglobulin genes, Histocompatability complex.
 
Unit IV
Cytokines: Types and function, Cytokine receptors Biological functions of cytokines. Cell mediated immunity – receptors and T cell activation Humoral response – B cell activation and proliferation. Hypersensitive reactions.
 
Unit V
Immune regulation, autoimmunity, Vaccines and immune response to infectious diseases, Immune deficiency diseases (AIDS), Immuno suppression & transplantation.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Immunology by L.M. Roitt, J. Brestoff and D.K. Male (1996)
2. Immunology by J. Kubey (1993) Freeman and company
3. Immuno-biology by janeway CA and Paul Travers 1994.
4. Immunological techniques by D.M. Weir (1992).
5. Immunology by l. Roitt (1960)
6. Current Protocols in immunology 3 Volumes, Wiley Publications 1994.
7. Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice by J.W. Goding (1983()Academic Press
8. Hybridoma Technology in the Biosciences and medicine by T.A. Springer (1985) Plenum Press NY.
9. Vaccines, New Approaches to immunization by F. Brown, R.M. Chanock, KA Lerner (1986) cold spring Harborolab.
10. Topley and Wilson principles of bacteriology, Viology and immunology by G. Wilson, A. Miles, M.T. Paker (1984) Arnold, Heineman. Basic and Clinical immunology by D.P Stities, J.D. Stobo.
 
PAPER – XXIII – MAJOR 6 : DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
 
Unit I
Reproduction cycle in mammals, their hormonal control, gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Fertilization, Artificial insemination and invitro fertilization, Embryo Trasfer.
 
Unit II
Types of eggs and patterns of cleavage, Blastulation, Gastrulation. Fate of germ layers, metamorphosis-retrogressive and progressive changes in insects and amphibians.
 
Unit III
Microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, Pollen development. Gametrophytic amphimixis; Polyploidy; methods and application; Seedas – types germination, Organogenesis.
 
Unit IV
Plant embryogenesis – techniques to study embryology, Embryosacs in Anther Leptomenia, calotis; Hyacinthus, Unusual embryological features – Loranthacease. Endosperimal embryos; Gynospermic characters in angiosperms. Types of embryos.
 
Unit V
Genetic control of development – Early experiments, Pattern determination, Bithorax Complex, Genes Controlling – Flower development and development of Drosophila.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. An introduction to Embryology – Balansky (1981)
2. Developmental Biology : Patterns. Principals. Problems – Saunders. W.
3. The embryology of Angiosperms. Vilas publication – Bojani and Bhatnager (1978).
4. The embryology of Angiosperms Springer Verlec – Jhori B.M. (1982)
5. Introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms McGraw Hill – Maheswari P (1981).
 
PAPER – XXIV – MAJOR 7: FUNDAMENTALS IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Recombinant DNA: Historical perspective and early experiment, in vivo gene construction like P1, transduction, cloning vectors, cloning hosts; bacterial fungi animal and plant cells – Gene transfer in nature: interspecies gene transfer.
 
Unit II
Restriction enzymes and their use – DNA modifying enzyme like DNA polymerases, ligases, poly nucleotide kinase etc., Restriction and ligation of DNA, Cloning vector for cloning large pieces of DNA like years artificial chromosomes.
 
Unit III
Types of Plasmids : Conjugative and non conjugative, Incompatibility group, Transfer of plasmids, Properties of plasmids like  F, Ti drug resistance plasmids, carcinogenic plasmid, plasmid vector: High and low copy number of vectors, regulation of copy number, general purpose plasmid: cloning vectors: Col E1 derived vectors, integrative plasmid vectors – Ti Plasmids and their structure.
 
Unit IV
Gene transfer in bacteria, plant and animal cell, electroporation and particle bombardment. Analysis of cloned foreign genes; hybridization in liquid and on solid support, DNA and RNA probes. Transgenic and their generation, uses of transgenic, Ethical issue involving rDNA technology, rDNA technology in solving human problems, infectious diseases.
 
Text Books
1. Dr. S. Ganesan & Kalavathi - Management Accounting - Thirumalai publication Nagercoil
2. S.N. Maheswari - Management Accounting Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Gene Cloning an introduction – T.A. Brown
2. Recombinant DNA – Watson
3. Gene Cloning – The mechanism of DNA manipulation – D.M. Glover.
4. Genetic Engineering – An introduction – D.S.T. Nicholl.
5. Principles of Gene Manipulation by Old and Primrose.
 
PAPER – XXV – MAJOR 8: BIOPROCESS AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Introduction to bioprocesses : An overview of traditional and modern applications of biotechnological processes, integrated bioprocess and the various (upstream and downstream) unit operations involved in bioprocesses.
 
Unit II
Fermentation processes : General requirements of fermentation processes, main parameters to be monitored and controlled in fermentation processes, aerobic and anaerobic fermentation processes and their application in the biotechnology industry.
 
Unit III
Enzymatic bioconversion processes : Kinetics and thermo dynamics of enzyme – catalyzed reactions, basic design and configuration of immobilized enzyme reactors, applications of immobilized enzyme technology, Media design and sterilization for fermentation processes: Medium requirement for fermentation processes and for industrial fermentation.
 
Unit IV
Metabolic stoichiometry and energetics: stoichiometry of cell growth and product formation, elemental balances, degrees of reduction of substrate and biomass, yield coefficients of biomass and product formation, maintenance coefficients energetic analysis of microbial growth and product formation.
 
Unit V
Kinetics of microbial growth and product formation: Phases of cell growth in batch cultures, simple unstructured kinetic models, for microbial growth – Growth associated (primary) and non-growth associated (Secondary) product formation kinetics – leudeking – Piret models.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Bioprocess engineering – Shuler, M.L. and Kargi, F. 2002. Basic concepts. Prentice Hall of India.
2. Bioprocess engineering, Shuler and Kargi, 1992, prentice Hall.
3. Biochemical engineering Fundamental, Bailey and Ollis. 1986. McGraw ill (2nd Ed).
 
PAPER – XXVI – MAJOR 9: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Renewable and Non-Renewable resources of energy. Conventional fuels and their environmental impact – Firewood, Plant, Animal, Water, Coal and Gas. Modern fuels and their environmental impact – Methanogenic bacteria, Biogas, Microbial hydrogen production,  Convenrtion of sugar to alcohol Gasohol.
 
Unit II
Bioremediation : Bioremediation of soil & water contaminated with oil spills. Heavy metals and detergents. Degradation of lignin and cellulose using microbes.
 
Unit III
Phytoremediation. Degradation of pesticides and other toxic chemicals by micro-organisms. Degradation aromatic and chlorinates hydrocarbons and petroleum products.
 
Unit IV
Tratment of municipal waste and industrial effluents. Biofertilizers Role of symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria in the enrichment of soil. Algal and fungal biofertilizers (VAM).
 
Unit V
Bioleaching Enrichment of ores by microorganisms (gold, copper, and Uranium). Environmental significance of Genetically modified microbes. Plants and animals.
 
Text Books
1. V.P. Gaur & Narang - Income tax law and practice Kalyani publishers, Ludhiana
2. A. Jayakumar & N. Hariharan - Income Tax law and practice Vijay Nicole Imprints (P) Ltd, Chennai - 37.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Microbial Biotechnology (1995) Alexander n. Glazer Hiroshi Nikaido W.H. Freeman and Company.
2. Molecular biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA – Bernad R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternak ASM Press. Washington. D.C. (1994).
3. Fungal Ecology and Biotechnology (1993) Rastogi Publications. Meerut.
 
SEMESTER VI
PAPER – XXVII – MAJOR 10: MICROBES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Microbial biotechnology: Scope, Techniques – Microbial diversity and its use- Cultivation and preservation of microorganisms in small scale in fermentors, Bioreactors, immobilized cells.
 
Unit II
Production of Protein: Native and recombinant in bacteria and yeast-vaccines and their production in microbes, microbial insecticides, enzymes and carbohydrates.
 
Unit III
Microorganism in production of Biomass: Single cell protein, ethanol, biofertilizers.
 
Unit IV
Metabolites from microbes : amino acids, their production-antibiotics and other secondary metabolites like streptomycin, penicillin, Cephalosporins and anthracyclines.
 
Unit V
Environmental Biotechnology and microbes : Mineral recovery microbial degradation of xenbiotics sewage biodegradation.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Microbial biotechnology (Fundamental of applied Microbiology) Alexander N. Glazer & Hiroshi Nikaido
2. Fermentation microbiology and Biotechnology. EI – amns, E.M.T and Bryce, C.F.A. 2002. Taylor & Francis  group.
3. Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Prave, P. Faust, V. Sitting, W. and Sukatseh,D.A. (eds). 1987. WCH Weinhein.
4. Principles of Fermentation Technology Stanbury P.F. and Whitaker, A. 1984. Pergamon Press.
5. Comprehensive biotechnology – Volume 2,3 and 4. Moo – Young, M. (ed.) 1985. Pergamon Press.
 
PAPER – XXVIII – MAJOR 11: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
In – vitro methods in plant tissue culture, Aseptic Techniques, Nutrient media, and use of growth regulators (Auxins, CDytokininis and Gibberellins). In-Vitro fertilization – Ovary and Ovule culture Clonal Propogation of elite species (Micro Propogation).
 
Unit II
Organ Culture – Anther, Embryo and Endosperm culture and their applications, Organogenesis and Somantic Embryogenesis – Techniques and applications. Protoplast Culture – Isolation, regeneration and viability test, somantic hybridization, methods of protoplast fusion – chemical and electro fusion, practical application of somatic hybridization and cybridization.
 
Unit III
Somacional Variation and their significance. In – Vitro production of secondary metabolites – Techniques and significance. Role of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
 
Unit IV
Transgenic plants: Technique of transformation – Agrobacterium mediatedand physical methods (Microprojectile and electroporation) Applications of transgenic plants. Edible Vaccines from plants – Banana, Watermelon.
 
Unit V
Plant tissue culture in plant breeding Biodiversity and germplasm, Synthetic seeds, Terminator seed technology. Applications of various techniques of plant breeding.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Biotechnology applications of Plant Tissue & cell culture. Ravishankar G.A. and Venkataraman L. V (1997) Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Pvt Ltd.
2. Tissue Culture, Bhan (1998) Mitta\l Publications, New Delhi.
3. Plant Tissue Culture, Islan A.C (1996) Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., PVt. Ltd.
4. Plants from test tubes. An introduction to Micropropogation (3rd Edition) Lydiane Kyte & John Kleyn (1996) Timber Press, Partland.
5. A test book on Biotechnology (2nd Edition). Kumar H.D. (1991) Affiliated East West Press Private Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Plants, Genes and agriculture, Chrispeel M.J. and Sdava D.E. (1994) Jones and Barlett Publishers, Boston.
7. Applied and fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture, Reinert J. and Bajaj P.S (1997) Narosa Publishing House.
8. Plant – Tissue culture basic and applied by Timer Baran Jha & Biswajit Ghosh, University Press (India) Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad.
PAPER – XXIX – MAJOR 12;  ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Structure and organization of Animal cell. Conventional techniques in animal improvement. Animal breeding for traits : Aquaculture.
 
Unit II
Animal Cell: Production and culture of animal cells, Producing native and recombinant proteins - Animal viral vectors.
 
Unit III
Sericulture: Silk Worm life cycle, Use of silk worm in commercial production of silk, improving qualities of silk, producing non – silk in baculoviruses – pest management.
 
Unit IV
Embroyo technology and animal breeding: Micromanipulation and embryo splitting, in Vitro fertilization - chromosome engineering. Crypreservation.
 
Unit V
Transgenic animals: Improving important genes, Gene targeting, Producing vaccine, DNA Vaccine etc., in animal cells, Sheep cloning, Transgenic fish, Transgenic cattle.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Gene transfer and expression protocols methods in Molecular biology Vol. 7 by (Ed.) E.T. Murray (1991) Humana Press.
2. Recombinant DNA 2nd by (Ed.) J.D. Watson, Gilman, J. Witknowski and M. Zoiler (92) Scientific Americal Books. NY.
3. Genetic Engineering of Animals by (Ed.) A. Puhler (1993) VCH Publishers, Weinheim, FRG.
4. Pest Management by Robert Pedigo.
5. Animal Biotechnology by Dr. Ramadoss.
6. Animal Biotechnology by Ranga
7. 7. Molecular Biotechnology : Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. Bernad R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternak. ASM Press. Washington, D.C. (1994).
PAPER – XXX – MAJOR 13: INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Introduction to industrial Biotechnology, basis principles of fermentation technology. Screening and isolation of Microorganisms, maintainance of strain improvement 9Mutant selection, Recombinant DNA methods). Fermentation Media Natural and synthetic Media. Sterilization techniques - Heat, Radiation and Filtration method.
 
Unit II
Fermenters Process of Aeration, Agitation, Temperature regulation and Filtration methods. Type of Fermentation - Solid State, submerged fermentation and continuous fermentation Immobilized enzyme and cell bioreactors. Process Development - Shake flask fermentation, Down stream processing (DSP), Disintegration of cells, Separation, Extraction, Concentration and purification of products.
 
Unit III
Production of Microbial products. Brief account of the following products obtained by industrial fermentation - Alcohol, Alcoholic Beverage - Beer, Organic acid - citric acid, Antibiotic - Pencillin, Amino acids - Glutamic acid, Vitamin - B12 and Steroid biotransformation.
 
Unit IV
Enzyme Biotechnology. Characteristics of enzymes - amylases. Industrial uses of enzymes - Detergents, Leather, Beverage, food and pharmaceutical Bioreactors for enzyme production - stirred tank, membrane reactors and continious flow reactors. Fermented Food : Fermented Foods - Yoghurt, Buttermilk, Idli, Dosa, Cheese, Tempeh, Microbial Foods - Single cell proteins (SCP), Single cell oils (SCO).
 
Unit V
Plant cell suspension culture for the production of food addictives - Safforn and Capasicin. Technique of mass culture of Algae - spirulina. Microbial polysaccharides and polyesters: production of xanthan gum and polyhydroxyalkonoides (PHA).
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. General Microbiology, Suliia S. B & Shantharam S. (1998) Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. PVT. Ltd.
2. Frontiers in Microbial Technology, Bisen P.S. (1994) 1st Edition. CBS Publishers.
3. Microbial biotechnology. Glaser A.N. & Nilaido. H (1995) W.H. Freeman & Co.
4. Industrial Microbiology 4thEdition Prescott & Dunn (1987) CBS Publishers & Distributors.
5. Industrial Microbiology, Prescott & Dunn (2002) Agrobios (India) Publishers.
6. A text of Industrial Microbiology, 2nd Edition, Crueger W. & Crueger A. (2000) Panima Publishing Corp.
7. Principles of Fermentation of Technology., Stanbury P.F. Ehitaker H, Hall S.J. (1997) Adiya Books (P) Ltd.
PAPER – XXXI – Major 14: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT,BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICS
 
Unit I
Introduction: Historical development of Human Rights and Human Rights - International and National
 
Unit II
International Instruments: United Nation Commission for Human Rights, European Convention for Human, UDHR, Civil and Political Rights.
 
Unit III
National Instruments: National; and State Instruments. Developments of Human Rights - Article 21 of Indian Constitution.
 
Unit IV
Student's Activity: Assignment/Case Study /Term paper etc.
 
Unit V
Impact of gene cloning and Bioethics. Intellectual property Rights(IPR)m and patens, biosafety, containment, facilities for Genetic Engineering experiments, Regulations of field experiments and release of GMO' s Genetically Modified Organisms), labeling of GM(Genetically Modified) Foods.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Biosafety Board of trustees, Trayror, P.C., Frederic, R. and Koch, M. (2002). Michigan State University, USA.
2. Concepts, Theories and Practice of Human Rights, Vadakar Praveen, (2002), Rajat Publications.
3. Human Rights Global Issues, Mishra Pramod, (2002)m. Kalpax Publications,
4. Situations of Human Rights in India, Paul, R.C. (2002). Efficient Offset Printers.
5. Individual Society, A text book of social psychology, Krech, D., David, Crutchfiels, R.S. and Ballachey E.L. (1962). McGraw-Hill, New York.
6. Hand book of Indian Paten Law and Practice (1998) . S. Viswanathan Published & Printer, Chapter, Chennai.
7. Theory of Moral Sentiments. Adam Smith, 8. Social Inequality. Galanter, M.Kluwer Academic Publishers. 9. Theory of Moral Sentiments. Smith. A.
8. Social Inequality. Galanter, M.Kluwer Academic Publishers.
9. Theory of Moral Sentiments. Smith. A.
PAPER – XXXII – MAJOR PRACTICAL 3
 
Lab in Immunology, Recombinant DNA Technology, Bioprocess and Engineer Technology and Environmental Biotechnology.
Environmental Biotechnology
1. (a) Haem agglutination - ABO blood grouping - Slide Method Bacterial agglutination - WIDAL - Slide and tube method Latex agglutination - ASO and pregnancy test - Slide method.
(b) Precipitation - Raising of Antiserum, Radial Immuno diffusion, Double Immuno diffusion, Immuno elctropropnhoresis, Counter Immuno electrophoresis.
(c) ELISA
2. Isolation and visualization of plasmid DNA
Restriction Digestion of λ DNA
Isolation of antibiotic resistant mutants
Bacterial transformation & Transduction
Ligation of DNA fragments.
3. Process Control of Fermentor – Demonstration. (pH, Temp, Foam and
Dissolved O2).
4. Determination of BOD     
Isolation N2 fixing organisms from root nodules
Staining of VAM.
PAPER – XXXIII- MAJOR PRACTICAL 4: Lab in Microbes, Plants Animals and Industrial Biotechnology
 
1. Isolation of industrially important enzyme (Amylase & Antibiotic) from soil microbes. Estimations of Biomass – Dry weight & wet weight method
2. Plant Tissue Culture Media Preparation
(i) M.S. Media
(ii) Nitsch's media and
(iii) White's media
Callus induction
Micropropagation
Protoplast isolation
Green House visit and maintenance
3. Preparation of Animal cell culture media
Culture of chick embryo fibroblast
Inoculation virus and observation
Cytopathic effect in cell lines and
Chick embryo – Demonstration
4. Production of Wine
Estimation of alcohol by colorimetry
Immobilization of Yeast cells and
Immobilized beads used for alcohol production
Preparation of SCP
 
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