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SEMESTER I
BIO-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 
Unit I
Carbohydrates: Introduction, classification, monosaccharides - structure, stereo and structural isomers, mutarotation and chemical reactions. Oligosaccharides- Disaccharides - structure and importance of sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellobiose. Polysaccharides - structure and importance of homo and hetero polysaccharides.
Unit II
Proteins: Amino acids - classification, structure and properties, aminoacid sequencing. Proteins - Classification, properties, Levels of organization and forces involved in the stabilisation.
Unit III
Lipids: Introduction, classification, physical and chemical properties of fats and oils. Structure and importance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids and sterol
Unit IV
Nucleic acids: Introduction, chemistry of nucleic acids, uucleoproteins, double helical structure and properties of DNA, RNA-types structure and functions.
Unit V
Vitamins: Introduction-structure, properties, functions and deficiency, diseases of fat and water-soluble vitamins.
Reference Derails
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, J.L.Jain, S. Chand publications, 2004, Rs.410.
2. Biochemistry, Agarwal, GOBL publication, 1999, Rs.300.
3. Textbook of Biochemistry, Edward Staunton West, Wilbert R. Todd, Howard S.Mason, John T. Van Bruggen, 4th edition, Oxford & IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd, 1996,Rs.615.
4. Principles of Biochemistry,David L. Nelson, Michael M.Cox, Lehninger,4th edition, W.H Freeman and Company,Rs.l480.
5. Fundamentals of Biochemistry,Donald Voet, Judith G.Voet, Charlott W.Pratt, upgrade Edition John Wiley & Sons. Inc, Rs.1480.
6. Biochemistry, Lubert stryer, 4th edition, W.H. Freeman & Co, 1995,Rs.2134.
7. Concepts in Experimental Biochemistry, Brooks / Cole Publishing company, 1999,Rs. 1206
Allied - INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-I
 
Unit I
1.1 Chemical Bonding Molecular Orbital Theory bonding, antibonding and nonbonding orbitals M.O. diagrams of Hydrogen, Helium, Nitrogen Fluorine and Nitric Oxide-discussion of bond orde; and magnetic properties.
1.2 Hydrides-classification and characteristics preparation, properties and uses of Borazole, NaBH and LiAlH4.
1.3 Carbonyls-mononuclear and polynuclear carbonyls-Examples. Preparation, properties and structure o: Cr(CO)6, Fe(CO)5 and Ni(CO)4.
Unit II
2.1 Fundamental particles of Nucleus - nuclide; isotopes, isobars and isotones
2.2 Natural radioactivity-radioactive series including Neptunium series-Group displacement law
2.3 Nuclear Binding energy, mass defect-Calculations
2.4 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion-differences -Stellar energy
2.5 Artificial Radioactivity-Preparation of transuranium elements -Np, Pu, Cf, Es and No.
2.6 Applications of radioistopes-C-14 dating, rock dating,isotopes an tracers, study of Reaction mechanism (ester hydrolysis) radiodiognosis and radiotherapy.
Unit III
3.1 Covalent Bond-Orbital Overlap-Hybridisation -Geometry of Organic molecules- Methane, Ethylene, Acetylene and Benzene
3.2 Electron displacement Effects: Inductive, Resonance, Hyper conjugative & steric effects. Their effect on the properties of compounds.
3.3 Stereoisomerism: Symmetry-elements of symmetry-cause of optical activity, Tartaric acid. Racemisation. Resolution. Geometrical isomerism of Maleic and Fumaric acids-Keto-enol tautomerism of Acetoacetic ester-conformers of n-butane with brief explanation
Unit IV
4.1 Aromatic compounds-Aromaticity-Huckel's rule
4.2 Electrophilic substitution in Benzene-Mechanism of Nitration, Halogenation-Alkylation, Acylation
4.3 Isolation, preparation,properties and structure of Naphthalene Haworth's synthesis.
4.4 Heterocyclic compounds:- Preparation, properties and uses of Furan, Thiophene, Pyrrole and Pyridine.
4.5 Preparation arid uses of CHC13, CC14, Saccharin and Freon
Unit V
5.1 Solutions: Liquid in liquid type-Raoult's law for ideal solutions, positive and negative deviation from Raoult's law-Reasons and examples, Fractional distillation and Azeotropic distillation.
5.2 Colligative properties: Review of colligative properties of dilute solutions-lowering of V.P, elevation of B.Pt and depression of F.Pt and osmotic pressure. Reverse osmosis. Abnormal molecular weights-van't Hoff factor-degree of dissociation and association-problems.
5.3 Chromatography: principle and application of column, paper and thin layer chromatography
 
SEMESTER II
BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Unit I
General principles of biochemical investigations, in vivo and invitro studies-organ and tissue slice techniques,^ buffer solution and media for tissue homogenization and separation, methods of cell disruption, basic principles — of cell culture, cryopreservatipn, cell sorting, counting.
Unit II
Centrifugation techniques: Basic principles of sedimentation, types of centrifuges-small bench, large capacity, high speed, preparative and analytical "centrifuges. Types of rotors- swinging bucket, fixed angle, vertical tube and zonal rotors. Differential and density gradient centrifugation with applications.
Unit III
Chromatographic techniques: General principles, distribution coefficient, adsorption, and partition. Principle, materials, sample preparation, method and applications of paper, column, ionexchange, gelfiltration, affinity, GLC, TLC, HPLC
Unit IV
Electrophoresis techniques: General principles, factors affecting electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, principles, techniques and applications of agarose, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, cellulose acetate, capillary, electrophoresis. Colorimetric and spectroscopic techniques: Beer-1 Lambert's law, light absorption and its transmittance, principles, instrumentation, applications in enzyme assays and kinetic assays, protein and nucleic acid structural studies.
Unit V
Radioisotope techniques: Atomic structure, types o radioactive decay-negatron, positron, alpha particle and gamma rays, rate of radioactive decay, units of radioactivity, detection and measurement of radioactivity-methods based on ionization, excitation. Scintillation counting- types and applications.
Flame photometer Electron spin resonance, principle, instrumentation and applications.
Fluorimeter-Principle, instrumentation and applications.
Reference Derails
1. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry, Keith Wilson and John Walker, Low price edition, 1995, Cambridge University Press, Rs.214.
2. Laboratory techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Adams.R.L.P.Ed.R.H.Burdon and P.H.Van Knippenburg,Elseiver Science Publishers.
3. An introduction to spectroscopy for biochemists, Brown.S.B, Academic press, London
4. An introduction to Centrifugation, Ford.T.C and Graham J.M,Bio Scientific Publishers,Ltd.Oxford
5. A Biologist Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, Keith Wilson and Kenneth Goulding, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd
ALLIED - INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-II
Unit I
1.1 Co-ordination chemistry-definition of terms-' classification of ligands-Nomenclature- Chelation-Examples. Chelate effect-explanation.
1.2 Werner’s theory-conductivity and precipitation) studies. Sidgwick's theory-Effective Atomic Number: concept.
1.3 Pauling's theory-postulates-Application to octahedral, square planar and tetrahedral complexes. Pauling's theory and magnetic properties of complexes. Merits and demerits of Pauling's theory.
1.4 Biological role of Haemoglobin and Chlorophyll (Elementary idea of structure and mechanism of action).
1.5 Application of coordination compounds in qualitative and quantitative analysis-separation of Copper and Cadmium ions, Nickel and Cobalt ions-identification of metal ions like Cu, Fe and Ni. Quantitative estimation of Ni using DMG, Aluminium using Oxine
1.6 EDTA and its application.
1.7 Environmental chemistry: Discussion of the following-Green House effect and global warming Ozonal Hole, Acid rain. BOD and COD and its importance. Sewage treatment- Rainwater harvesting-its need, methods and advantages -Solid waste disposal. Noise pollution, Radioactive pollution-health hazards.
Unit II
2.1 Carbohydrates: Classification, preparation and properties of Glucose and Fructose-discussion of open chain and ring structure of Glucose. Mutarotation. Preparation and properties of Sucrose. Structure (detailed discussion of structure not necessary) Properties of Starch, Cellulose and derivatives of Cellulose. Inter conversion of Glucose to Frutose and vice versa
2.2 Amino Acids-classification, preparation and properties of Glycine and Alanine. Preparation of peptides (Bergmann method only).
2.3 Proteins: classification according to composition, biological function and shape. Denaturation of proteins.
Unit III
3.1 Chemotherapy: Preparation, uses and mode of action of sulpha drugs-prontosil, sulphadiazine and sulphafurazole. Uses of penicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin, Definition and one example each for-analgesics, antipyretics, tranquilizers sedatives, hypnotics, local anaesthetics and general anaesthetics Cause and treatment of-diabetes, cancer and AIDS.
3.2 Polymer chemistry: Classification of polymers - natural and synthetic - rubber, cellulose, starch polyamides, polyesters, PVC- (starting materials and uses only). Special properties of polymers.
Unit IV
Aromatic compounds-Aromaticity-Huckel's rule
4.1 Photochemistry: Grotthus-Draper law and Stark- Einstien's law of photochemical equivalence. Quantum yield. Example for photochemical reactions- Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (elementary idea only) photosynthesis. Phosphorescence, Fluorescence, Chemiluminescence and Photosensitisation - definition with examples
4.2 Phase Rule: Phase rule and the definition of terms in it. Application of phase rule to water system. Reduced phase rule and its application to a simple eutetic system (Pb-Ag) Freezing mixtures.
Unit V
5.1 Electro Chemistry: Kohlrausch law -measurement of conductance, pH determination. Conductometic titrations. Hydrolysis of salts. Derivation of Kh. pH and buffer action in living system. Galvanic cells-EMF-standard electrode potentials, reference electrodes, electrochemical series and its applications. Principle of electroplating, pH determination
5.2 Corrosion: Methods of prevention.
Reference Details
1. Soni.P.L, Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry, Sultan Chand & Sons.
2. Puri and Sharma, Text book of Inorganic Chemistry-Vishal publishing 3.Soni.P.L., Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Sultan Chand and Sons.
3. Jain.M.K, Principles of Organic Chemistry-Vishal publishing Co.
4. Kundu and Jain, Physical Chemistry, S. Chnd.
5. Puri,Sharma and Pathania, Text-book of Physical Chemistry, Vishal Publishing co
MAJOR PRACTICAL - I
   
I. Preparation of Buffers and Determination of pH.
II. Qualitative Analysis.
 
a) Analysis of carbohydrates
b) Analysis of Aminoacids
c) Test for Proteins
d) Test for lipids - Cholesterol
III. Biochemical Preparation.
 
a) Starch from potato
b) Casein from milk
c) Lecithin from egg yolk
d) DNA from Cauliflower
IV Estimations
 
a) Reducing sugar - Benedict's method
b) Amino acid - formal titration
c) Determination of acid number
d) Determination of Saponification number.
e) RNA - Colorimetric method
f) Ascorbic acid - using 2,6 Dichloro Phenoi
g) DNA from Cauliflower
V. Techniques (Group Experiments)
 
a) Separation of sugar, & amino acid by Ascending paper chromatography
b) Separation of lipid by thin layer chromatography
c) Separation of plant pigments by column chromatography
d) Separation of serum proteins by paper electrophoresis.
Allied - INORGANIC, ORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY-I
   
I. TITRIMETRY
 
a) Estimation of Sodium hydroxide - Standard sodium carbonate.
b) Estimation of Hydrochloric acid-Standard Oxalic' acid.
c) Estimation of Borax - Standard Sodium carbonate
d) Estimation of Ferrous sulphate - Standard Mohr's Salt.
e) Estimation of Oxalic Acid - Standard Ferrous Sulphate
f) Estimation of Sodium hydroxide - Standard. Potassium permanganate
g) Estimation of Ferrous iron using diphenylamine as internal indicator.
II. Organic Analysis :
 
a) Detection of elements- nitrogen, sulphur and halogens
b) Detection of aliphatic or aromatic
c) Detection of whether saturated or unsatured compounds.
d) Preliminary tests and detection of functional groups :aldehydes, phenols, aromatic amines, aromatic acids, dicarboxylic acids, Urea , benzamide & carbohydrate
 
SEMESTER III
ENZYMOLOGY
 
Unit I
Enzymes: Introduction, classification and nomenclature of enzymes. Definition with examples of holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme, co-factors, prosthetic group, activator, inhibitor. Metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes-definition, features. Active sites- characteristics, theories of ES complex- lock and key, induced fit and substrate strain theory. Monomeric enzymes, oligomeric enzymes-definition with an example, multienzyme complexes - pyruvate , dehydrogenase complex, enzyme specificity, enzyme units.
Unit II
Enzyme kinetics: Factors affecting enzyme activity-pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration. Derivation of Michaelis-menten equation, Km and its significance, transformation of Michaelis-menten equation - LB plot and Eadie Hofstee plot, Kinetics of liisubstrate reactions. Isoenzymes-definition, examples (LDH and CPK)- diagnostic importance.
Unit III
Coenzymes: Definition, structure and functions of thiamine pyrophosphate, nicotinamide, flavin nucleotides, coenzyme-A, lipoic acid, biotin and folate. (Mechanism of action of Coenzymes not required). Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin and lysozyme. Enzymatic catalysis: acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, metal ion catalysis, proximity and orientation - effects.
Unit IV
Enzyme inhibition: Reversible inhibition, competitive, non-competitive and un-competitive inhibition, irreversible inhibition. Allosteric enzymes -properties, types, models, Aspartate transcarbamoylase (Example). Covalent modification, feedback inhibition.
Unit V
Methods for isolation and purification, Criteria of purity. Immobilized enzymes: Methods of immobilization, applications- production of glucose from starch, cellulose and dextrin. Use of lactase in dairy industry, production of glucose, fructose syrup from sucrose, use of proteins in food, detergent and leather industry. Medical application-use of glucose oxidase in enzyme electrode.
Reference Derails
1. Understanding enzymes,Trevor Palmer,4th Edition,Prentice Hall.Elli Horwood
2. Enzymes,Dixon and Webb,
3. Enzyme Technology,Chapline and Bucke,
4. Handbook of Enzyme Technology,Alan Weissmann,
5. Fundamentals of Enzyme Technology, Nicholas C.Price and Lewis Steven,3rd edition,Oxford University Press, 1999,Rs. 1897.
6. Biochemistry, LubertStryer, 4 Uledition, W.H.Freeman and Company, Newyork, 1995, Rs.2134.
7. Biochemistry, Donald Voet and J.D.Voet,2" edition, J ohn Wiley Publication,Rs. 1,152.
8. Principles of Biochemistry, David L. Nelson, MichaelJ M.Cox, Lehninger,4th edition,W.H.Freeman anc Company.Rs. 1480
ALLIED PAPER-III - BIOSTATISTICS
 
Unit I
Biostatistics: Definition-types of data-quantitative qualitative data-sources of data in Life sciences-limitation and uses of Statistics.
Unit II
Collection of data-Primary data, designing, questionnaire and schedule-secondary data-methods of collection of data-classification of data-tabulation and presentation of data.
Unit III
Measures of Central tendency-Mean, median, mode, geometric mean-merits and demerits. Measures of dispersion-range, standard deviation, mean deviation, quartile deviation, merits and demerits, coeffecient of variation.
Unit IV
Correlation-Types and methods of correlation, rank correlation, regression, simple regression equation, fitting, prediction
Unit V
Sampling methods-Population, sample-simple rando: sample-concept of sampling distributions-standard error-l test of Significance-hypothesis-simple hypothesis-test based on large samples and smalls-Chi Square test.
Note: 50% Theory and 50% Problems.
References:
1. Daniel.W.W. 1987-Biostatistics, Newyork, John Wiley and Sons
2. Sundar Rao.P.S.S and Richard.J.An introduction of Biostatistics. Third edition, Christian Medical College, Vellore.
3. Sokal-Rhlf-1973.Introduction to Bio- Statistics.W.M.Freeman and company, San- Francisco.
Note: This paper has to be taught by a teacher in Statistics^ and valued by a teacher in Statistics. This paper has to] be referred to Statistics board for valuation
SEMESTER IV
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
 
Unit I
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Introduction, glycolysis, TCA cycle, its function in energy production, glyoxylate cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and its importance Alternative pathways-gluconeogenesis, glucuronic acid pathway, glycogen metabolism-glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Unit II
Biological oxidation: Introduction, enzymes in biological oxidation, redox potential, mitochondrial electron transport chain and its inhibitors, structure of ATPase complex. Chemiosmotic theory, oxidative phosphorylation and its inhibitors. Mitochondrial shuttle system, microsomal electron transport system.
Unit III
Protein metabolism: Introduction, degradation of proteins, deamination, oxidative and non-oxiciative, transamination and decarboxylation, urea cycle, ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids
Unit IV
Lipid Metabolism: Introduction, degradation of lipids, oxidation of fatty acids, biosynthesis of palmitic and oleic acid, metabolism of ketone bodies, biosynthesis of triacylglycerol and cholesterol, structure and function of bile acids.
Unit V
Nucleic acid Metabolism: Introduction, biosynthesis degradation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. .
Reference Derails
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, J.L. Jain, S.Chanq publication, 2004,Rs.410.00
2. Harper's Biochemistry Robert K. Murray, Daryl K Granner, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W. Rodwell, 24th edition, Prentice Hall International. Inc.
3. Principles of Biochemistry, Geoffrey L. Zubay,3rd edition William W.Parson,Dennis E.Vance] W.C.Brown Publishers,1995,Rs.4106.
4. Principles of Biochemistry,David L. Nelson, MichaeJ M.Cox, Lehninger,4th edition, W.H Freeman anc Company,Rs.l480.
5. Biochemistry, Lubert Stryer,4th Edition, W.I Freeman & Co, 1995,Rs.2134.00
ALLIED PAPER-IV - COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY
 
Unit I
Introduction to computer: Introduction-Types of computer-Characteristics of Computers-Five Generations of Modern Computers: First Generation Computers-Second Generation Computers-Third generation Computers-Fourth Generation Computers-Fifth Generation. Classification of Digital Systems: Introduction- Microcomputers- Personal Computers- Workstations- Portable Computers- Minicomputers- Mainframes- Supercomputers- Network Computers. Programming Languages: Introduction- Machine languages- Assembly Languages_ High- Level Languages. Input devices: Introduction-Key board-Mouse-Types of Mice-Connections-Mouse pad-Track Ball-Joystick-Digitizing tablet-Scanners-Touch pad-Light Pen. Output devices.-Introduction- Monitor-Classification of Monitors-Based on Colour-Characteristics of a Monitor-Printer-Daisy Wheel Printer-Dot Matrix Printer-InkJet Printer-Laser Printer-LCD and LED Printer-Line Printer-Thermal Printer-Plotter-Sound cards and speakers-Auxiliary Storage Devices:Magnetic tape-Hard Disk-Floppy Disk-CD-Rom
Unit II
Flow charts: Flow chart Symbols-A Simplified Model of a Computer- More Flow Charting examples. Fortran programming preliminaries: Higher level languages for Computers-The FORTRAN Language-Characters used in FORTRAN.FORTRAN CONSTANTS And Variables: FORTRAN Constants-FORTRAN Variable name-Type declaration for integers and reals. Arithmentic Expressions: Arithmetic Operators and modes of expressions-Integer Expressions-Real Expressions- Heirarchy of operations in expressions-Examples of! arithmetic expressions-Arithmetic statement-Definin variables-Some problems due to rounding of real numbers-Mixed mode expressions-Special functions-. Examples of use of functions-Program preparations preliminaries.
Input-Out put Statements: List directed input statements. Control statements; Relational Operators-Logical IF Statement-Statement Labels-GO TO statement-Nested logical IF statement-The arithmetic IF statement. The DO statement: Rule to be followed in utilizing DO loops-The REPEAT WHILE structure. Subscripted Varible: Use of Multipe Subscript-Subscript Expression-DIMENSION statement-DO type notation for input/out statement-Summary of Subscript rule
Unit III
FUNCTIONS AND SUBROUTINES; Introduction-Statement functions-Function Programs-Syntax rules for function subprograms-Subroutines-The COMMON declaration-Labeled COMMON-Placement of array elements in COMMON-Execution time DIMENSION for arrays-Use of procedure names as arguments. Processing Files in FORTRAN: Creating a sequential file-Searching a sequential file-Updating a sequential file-Merging two sequential files-Direct access files.
Unit IV
Fox Pro overview and sample session-ACCEPT.INPUT-ACTIVATE/DEFINE MENU.DEFINE PAD-ACTIVATE/ DEFINE POPUP.DEFINE BAR.BAR 0-ACTIVATE/ DEFINE WINDOW.ACTIVATE SCREEN-APPEN-CALCULATE-CLL,LOAD,RELEASE MODULE-DTE 0,TIME 0,SET CLOCK-DELETE,RECALL, PACK-DIM ENSIGN-DIR-DI SPLAY LIST,CLEAR-DO-DOCASE,CASE,OTHERWISE,ENDCASE-DO WHILE,EXIT,LOOP,DNDDO,EOF 0
Unit V
EDIT-FIND-SEEK-SEEK O-FOR.ENDFOR-GO-GOTO-GO BOTTOM-GO TOP-SKIP-IF-ELSE- ENDIF- INDEX- REINDEX- INSERT- JOIN- LOCATE- CONTINUE- MODIFY COMMAND- MODIFY MEMO, CLOSE MEMO, MEMLINES O, MLINEO-MODIFY STRUCTURE-REPLACE-RUN-SAY - SAY GET.SAT PICTURE-CLEAR GETS, READ-SCAN, ENDSCAN- SCROLL-SET Commands-SORT-STORE, RELEASE, SAVE, RESTORE-SUM-SUSPEND, RESUME-TEXT, ENDTEXT- TOTAL- UPDATE- USE- WAIT.
TEXT BOOK
1. Fundamentals of Computer Science and Communication Engineering Alexis Leon &MatheLeon Vikas Publishing House Ltd, New Delhi, (unit I )
2. Fourth Edition Computer Programming in FORTRAN! 77 V.RajaRaman.PHI Pvt, New Delhi,f (Unit II and Unit III
3. Illustrated FOXPRO 2.0Rober GranilloBPB Publications.New Delhi-110 001. (Unit IV and Unit V)
Major Practical
Colorimetry
a) Estimation of glucose - Anthrone method
b) Estimation of fructose - Selivanoffs method
c) Estimation of pentose - Bial's method
d) Estimation of protein - Biuret method
e) Estimation of urea - DAM method
f) Estimation of cholesterol - Zak's method
g) Estimation of Ferrous iron using diphenylamine as internal indicator.
Enzyme Assay
Determination of activity, effect of pH, effect of temp and substrate, concentration of
a) Salivary Amylase
b) Urease
c) Catalase
d) Acid phosphatase
Allied Practical
Programming list:
a) Finding Mean, standard deviation and Mean deviation for a given problem.
b) Calculating the Correlation coeffecients.
c) Finding Regression coeffecients and Regression lines.
d) Calculating Student V test for a given problem.
e) Calculating Chi-square test for a given problem.
f) Sorting
g) Indexing.
h) Multiple database.
i) Reports generation
SEMESTER V
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
 
Unit I
Respiratory System: Transport and exchange of gases between lungs, Blood composition, function, mechanism of blood coagulation. Structure and functions of lymph, lymph node.
Unit II
Digestive System: Secretions of digestive tract, digestion, absorption, assimilation of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals.
Unit III
Muscles: types, functions and physiology of muscle contraction, physiology of cardiac muscle, cardiac cycle and the regulation of heart pumping, E.C.G, blood pressure.
Unit IV
Anatomy of kidney: Mechanism'of urine formation, outline of structure and function pjf the male and female reproductive organs, spermatogenesis, mensturation cycle, physiology of pregnancy, parturition and lactation.
Unit V
Neuron structure: synaptic transmission, classification, nervous system, characteristics of sympathetic and para sympathetic function.
Reference Derails
1. Human Physiology, Chatterjee.C. 11the edition Medical agency allied, Calcutta.
2. Text book of medical physiology, A.C.Guyton, 10th Edition.
3. Human body, Atlas, Publication Garden cheers
4. Principles of Anatomy and physiology Gerald J. Tortora, Sandra Reynolds, Grabowsky.John Wiley and sons.Inc.Pub.
5. Basic and clinical Endocrionology Francis Green span Gordan J.Strenlr, 5th Edition
6. Mammalian Biochemistry, White handler Smith
7. Review of medical physiology, William.F Ganong, 14lh Edition, A Lange Medical Book.
8. Functional physiology,Butler Worth, Heinemnm, United Kingdom, 1973
FUNDAMENTALS OF IMMUNOLOGY
Unit I
Introduction to Immunology: Immunity, types, mechanism of immunity, immune response, types, cells involved in immune response, cytokines and their function. An overview of immune system.
Unit II
Antigens: Properties, specificity, immunogenicity, antigenic determinants, haptens, adjuvants. Antibodies: properties structure, classes, subclasses of Ig, monoclonal antibodies, production, application, distribution and function.
Unit III
Antigen Antibody reactions: Agglutination, precipitation, fixation complement, neutralization, Immuno-fluorescence, ELISA and RIA.
Unit IV
Complement cascade and its biological consequences, Allergy and hypersensitivity types- I to V, Antigen processing and presentation.T and B cell interaction
Unit V
Transplantation immunology: MHC, HLA, mechanism of graft acceptance and rejection, immuno suppressors,auto immunity, immuno defeciency disorders with special reference to AIDS. Production of vaccines-hepatitis A, B and C.
Reference Derails
1. Immunology,Ivan Roitt.J Brostoff and David Mole^"1 Edition, 1998 Mosby Times Mirror Int Pub Ltd.
2. Immunology, KubyRichard. A.Goldsby, Thomas. J.Kint, Barbara. A. Osborne, 4th Edition, 2000,W.H. Freeman and Company , New York.
3. Immunology, An Introduction:Tizard K, Saunders College Publishing (1984).
4. Essential Immunology . Roitt.I,M. (1988). Blackwell Scientific Publishers
5. Basic and Clinical Immunology. Stites D.P.Stobo, J.Dfundanberg. H.A. and Wells.J.V. (1990). 6th, edition Los Atlas Lange
6. Immunology - Charles.A.Janeway. J.r.Paul Travels : Blackwell Scientific publishers, 1994. (4th edition).
7. Immunology - A short Course 4th edition Eli Benjamini, Geoffrey Sunshine, Sidne, Leskowitz,ns; A John Wiley & Sons , INC , Publications , New York (2000).
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I
Approaches to clinical biochemistry: concepts of accuracy, precision, sensitivity and reproducibility, quality control, fixation of normal range. SI units. Collection and processing of samples, anticoagulants, preservatives for blood and urine, transport of biological samples.
Unit II
Disorders in carbohydrate metabolism:Introduction ,blood glucose regulation, hypo and hyperglycemia, renal threshold value. Diabetes mellitus :types, clinical features, metabolic effects, complications,GTT, lactosaemia, fructosuria, glycogen storage diseases.
Unit III
Disorders in protein metabolism: Introduction, aetiology and clinical features of phenyketonuria, alkaptonuria, cystinuria, albinism and tyrosinemia, clinical significance of Non-protein nitrogen - urea, uric acid and creatinine. Anaemia: type, aetiology and clinical features. Metabolism of bilirubin,types of jaundice and its clinical features. Hypertension:type,aetiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment.
Unit IV
Disorders in lipid metabolism : Introduction, hypertriacyl glyceridemia, atherosclerosis-aetiology, clinical features and complication. Lipid storage diseases, fatty liver. Disorders in nucleic acid metabolism:Gout, type, aetiology and clinical features.
Unit V
Liver function test:Detoxification and excretory function,gastric function test, examination of resting content, fractional test meal analysis and its interpretation. Renal function test :Urea clearance and its interpretation. EnzymologyrClinical significance of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, ACP,CPK and LDH.
Reference Details
1. Text book of medical biochemistry.M.N. Chatterjee and Rane Sinde
2. Text book of biochemistry with clinical correlation, Thomas M. Devlin, 3rd Edition, A John Wiley-Liss Inc. publication, Rs 2158/-
3. Practical clinical biochemistry, Harold Varley, 4th edition, CBS Publication and Distributors, New Delhi.Rs 170
4. Harper's biochemistry -Robert. K Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes. Victor W.Rodwell,24th edition, Prentice Hall International. Inc. Rs
5. Tietz Fundamentals of clinical Chemistry ,Carl A. Burtis and E R Ashood, 5th Edition.Saunders WB. Co.Rs 3000/-
6. 6. Principles of Internal Medicine.Harrison T.R.Fauci, Braunwald, Isselbacher 14th edition,Mc-graw Hill, Newyork. Vol. I & II
MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Unit I
Developments in microbiology, prokaryotes and eukaryotes-morphology and characteristics, classification of microbes-bacteria, fungi, virus, algae and protozoa.
Microscopy: Principle and types. Sterilisation and disinfection, principles and methods. Instrumentation-Laminar air flow, autoclave. Staining-Principles and techniques. Microbial growth factors,Determination of Growth curve.
Unit II
Collection, handling, transport, examination of clinical specimens. Morphology, cultural, biochemical characteristics, pathogenecity, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Vibrio,Escherichia.Klebsiella Yersinia and Spirochaetes Bacillus,Salmonella,Shigella,
Unit III
Clinical parasitology: Introduction, classification and laboratory techniques in parasitology.Life cycle and Lab Diagnosis of Protozoa, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Leishmania,Trichomonas, Trypanosoma.Giardia , Nemathelminths, Ascaris Wuchereria, Trichuris, Trichinella.
Viruses: General properties, types, DNA-RNA and reteroviruses, phages-T4, Lambda, Life cycle-Lytic-Lysogenic.
Unit IV
Culture techniques: Preparation of media, preservation of cultures, industrially important microorganisms, strain improvement. 
Fermentor-design, types, fermentation techniques, downstream processing, recovery and purification of products.
Unit V
Industrial microbiology: Production of acids-Lactic acid, citric acid, amino acids, acetone, butanol, Antibiotics-Penicillin, riboflavin. Enzymes-Amylase, cellulase, Vitamins-vitamin B 12. Industrial production of alcohol, alcoholic bewerages-wine, beer
Reference Details
1. Microbiology,Pelczar. Jr. M.J.Chan,McGraw-Hill Inc.NY.
2. Text book of biochemistry with clinical correlation, Thomas M. Devlin, 3rd Edition, A John Wiley-Liss Inc. publication, Rs 2158/-
3. Textbook of microbiology, Ananthanarayanan.R. and Jayaram Panicker.C.K.OrientLongman, 1994.
4. Text book of medical parasitology.Parija.S.C, Orient Longmans, 1996.
5. Medical parasitology,Chatterjee, TATA McGraw Hill, 1986.
6. Introduction to modern virology, Dimmock N.J.Primrose.S.B.4th edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1994.
7. Principles of Fermentation technology, Stanburry. P.Whitalcer and S.J.Hall, 1995.
8. Industrial microbiology, A.H.Patel.
9. Topley & Wilsons (1991, 5 volumes) Edward Arnold LONDON.
10. Microbiology, Prescott.L.M.JP.Harley and D.A.Klein, 2nd Edition, 1993,W.C.Brown Publishing Co.
11. Medical microbiology, David Green Wood, Richard C.B.Slack.John Foreest Pevtherer, 14th Edition, ELBS with Churchill Living Stone, 1992
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit I
Cell: Structural organisation of prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells and its functions, physical and chemical structure of DNA, DNA as genetic material, properties, organisation of DNA, special base sequences, left handed DNA helices, structure of RNA, plasmids and transposons (elementary details), DNA damage and repair, Types of mutation.
Unit II
DNA replication: Semiconservative replication, experimental evidence for Semiconservative replication, replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, enzymes involved in replication, mechanism of replication, inhibitors of DNA replication.
Unit III
Transcription: Basic features of RNA synthesis, E.Coli RNA polymerases, initiation, chain elongation and termination of transcription, types of RNA and their processing. Eukaryotic transcription-Promoters, enhancers, caps and tails, elementary details of splicing
Unit IV
Translation: Genetic code and its features, tRNA and amino acyl tRNA synthetases. Initiation, elongation and termination of translation, post translational modifications. Differences in Protein synthesis between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Unit V
Regulation of gene expression: General aspects, operon  i model in prokaryotes-lac operon, trp operon, gene loss, gene amplification, gene arrangement, methylation, polyproteins.
Reference Details
1. Molecular Biology,3rd Edition,Herylodish et al.
2. Molecular Biology of the gene, James D.Watson, Nancy H.Hopkins, Jeffrey W.Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner, 4th Edition, The Benjammin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.2002, Rs.950.00.
3. Concept of Genetics,4a Edition,William S.Klug and! Micheal R.Cummings.
4. Genes-VII,Benjamin Lewin, 1997,Oxford University
5. Genetics, Peter J.Russell,4m Edition,Harper Colling College Publishers.
6. Cell and Molecular Biology,3rd Edition,Gerald John Wiley and Sons,INC,NY.2002
SEMESTER VI
NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY
 
Unit I
Basic concept: Energy content of food, measurement of energy expenditure - direct and indirect colorimetry, definition of BMR and SDA and factors affecting these, balanced diet, RDA of nutrients for all age group, RQ (Respiratory Quotient)
Unit II
Outline of vitamins and minerals: Classification of vitamins, fat - soluble and water soluble vitamins. Classification of minerals: Macro and microelements and their importance in nutrition.
Unit III
Obesity: Definition and classification, genetic and environmental factors leading to obesity, obesity related diseases and management of obesity in regulation of body mass. Role of dietary fat, chylomicrons, lipoprotein - VLDL, LDL, HDL, micelle fraction of lipid
Unit IV
Protein energy malnutrition: Etiology, management of marasmus, kwashiorkor. Human milk and its viruses, breast Vs formulated milk feeding. Dietary requirements in preganancy and lactation, nutrition for infants, children and adolescent.
Unit V
Nutrition and body defenses: Effect of drugs on food and nutrients, drug - nutrient interaction, nutritional therapy, food preparation and management. Role of diet and nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease.
Reference Derails
1. Human nutrition and dietetics, S.Davidson and J.R.Passmore,
2. Human nutrition and dietetics, IS Garraw, WPT James, 10th edition,
3. Food and nutrition, Narayanan,
4. Modern nutrition in health and diseases, Whol & Good hart,
5. Mechanism and theory in food chemistry, DWS Wong, CBS New Delhi, 1996
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I
Plant cell: Structure and functions of plant cell wall, sub-cellular organelles. Transport mechanism-diffusion, osmosis and imbibition. Absorption-active, passive, factors affecting absorption. Ascent of sap, mechanism and theories. Transpiration -types, mechanism of stomatal opening. Factors affecting transpiration and guttation.
Unit II
Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments-chlorophyll, carotenoid and phycobilin. Photosynthetic apparatus (chloroplast). Light reactions - Photosystem I and II. Evidences in support of light reaction-Hill's reaction, Red drop,Emerson effect and Arnon's work. Cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation. Dark reaction (C3 plants), factors affecting photosynthesis. Hatch-slack cycle (C4 plants) and CAM plants. Photorespiration
Unit III
NitrogenFixation: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation-Rhizobium, nodule formation, leg hemoglobin, Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, biochemistry of N2 fixation-Nitrogenase complex. Nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction and ammonia assimilation. Nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle and sulfur cycle.
Unit IV
Plant growth regulators: Chemistry, biosynthesis, mode of action, distribution and physiological effects of Auxins, Gibberllins, Cytokinins, ABA & ethylene. Phytochromes-forms and physiological effects.
Unit V
Seed germination: physiology, factors affecting it, glyoxalate cycle, biochemistry of seed and bud dormancy, fruit ripening and senescence. Plant tissue culture: Micropropagation, Callusformation. Somatic embryogenesis, protoplast culture,somatic hybridisation,anther culture.
Reference Derails
1. Plant physiology,V;Verma,7th Revised edition,Emk Publications 2001
2. Plant Physiology, S.N.Pandey and B.K.Sinha,Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd ,3rd edition, 1999.
3. Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peter Jhea, Richard C.Leegood,
4. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology.V.K.Jain, S.Chand & Company Ltd.2000.
5. Introduction to Plant Physiology-William G.Hapkins. John Wiley &Sons,Inc.Second edition (1999)
6. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, Bob. B.Buchanan, Wilhelm Gruissem, Russell. L.Jones,2001.
7. Introduction to plant Biotechnology,H.S.Chawla.
8. Plant physiology,Robert.M.Devlin and Fracis. H.Witham, CMS Publishers^01 edition.
9. Introduction to plant physiology, William. G.Hopkins, Norman. P.A.Hunger, 3rd edition
HORMONAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I
Hormones: Introduction, Classification of Hormones and Receptors, signal transduction, role of cAMP and second messengers. Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary: Chemical nature, secretion, release and their biochemical actions. (GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, MSH, prolactin, oxytocin and ADH).
Unit II
Hormones of the adrenal glands: Chemical nature and functions of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids a catecholamines (epinephrine and nor- epinephrine).
Unit III
Hormones of the testes and ovaries: Chemical nature and functions of androgens, estrogens, progesteronej Disorders of the male and female reproductive systems. Pancreatic and Gastro intestinal hormones:Chemical nature and functions of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Secretion, release and chemical nature and functions of gastrin, enterogastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin.
Unit IV
Hormones of the thyroid and parathyroid glands:Chemical nature and functions of thyroid and parathyroid hormones. Effect of thyroid hormones on amphibian metamorphosis.
Reference Details
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, J.L.Jain, S. Chand publications, 2004, Rs.410.
2. Biochemistry,Agarwal, GOBL publication, 1999, Rs.300.
3. Textbook of Biochemistry, Edward Staunton West, Wilbert R. Todd, Howard S. Mason, John T. Van Bruggen, 4th edition, Oxford & IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd, 1996,Rs.615.
4. Principles of Biochemistry,David L. Nelson, Michael M.Cox, Lehninger,4th edition, W.H Freeman and Company,Rs.l480
5. Fundamentals of Biochemistry,Donald Voet, Judith G.Voet, Charlott W.Pratt, upgrade Edition John Wiley & Sons. Inc, Rs.1480.
6. Biochemistry, Lubert stryer, 4th edition, W.H., Freeman & Co, 1995,Rs.2134.
7. Mammalian Biochemistry - White Handler Smith Concepts in Experimental Biochemistry,Brooks /"• Cole Publishing company, 1999,Rs. 1206.
8. Basic & Clinical Endrocrinology - Francis Sreenspan, Gordon J. Strewler Prentice - Hall International Inc. 5th ed., 1997
BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Unit I
Drugs: Classification of drugs, routes of drug administration, absorption and distribution of drugs, factors influencing drug absorption and elimination of drugs.
Unit II
Drug-Receptor interactions involvement of binding forces in drug receptor interaction, drug action not mediated by receptors.
Unit III
Drug metabolism: Mechanism of Phase I and Phase II enzyme reactions, role of cytochrome P450 enzyme induction and pharmacological activity, biochemical importance of xenobiotic metabolism
Unit IV
Cancer: cancer and principle of cancer chemotherapy, mode of action of anticancer drugs- antimetobolite, antibiotics, alkylating agents and other agents, effects of chemotherapeutic agents on growth cycle of mammalian cells.
Unit V
 Adverse drug interaction and drug induced side effects, drugs of plant origin, biological effects of drug abuse and drug dependence, drug tolerance and intolerance.
 
TEXT BOOK
1. Pharmacology and pharmaco therepheutics by Satoskar, 13 th edition.
2. Essentials of pharmacotherepheutics by Barav .F.S.K 1989.
3. Introduction to medicinal chemistry by Patrick 1995
4. Lippincots review of pharmacology by Mary j Maycek.
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Unit I
Introduction to genetic engineering: basic types of gene cloning enzymes used in genetic engineering, restriction enzymes- types, target sites, nomenclature, DNA polymerase, ribonuclease, ligases, reverse transcriptase.
Unit II
Cloning vectors: plasmids, phages, cosmids, phagemids, yeast vectors, shuttle vectors, expression vectors, plant vectors, methods of gene transfer, types of host, for cloning, prokaryotic and eukaryotic system.
Unit III
Isolation anf purification of cellular and plasmid DNA, methods for labeling, nucleic acids and probes, mapping of genes, somatic cell hyprids, insitu hypridisation, genomic cdna libraries, screening of recombinants, RFLP DNA sequencing, chemical degradation, chain termination, primer walking, automated sequencing.
Unit IV
Amplification of DNA by PCR:Technique and applications, analysis of DNA, RNA and protein by blotting techniques. Reporter gene, promoter elements, marker genes, transgene inactivation and methylation.
Unit V
Applications of genetic engineering:Transgenic plants and animals, commercial applications, gene replacement therapy, antisense DNA and RNA therapy, whole animal transformation, control of environmental pollution.
Reference Details
1. Principles of gene manipulation, Old and Primrose, Blackwell Science.
2. Genetic engineering and its applications,P.Joshi, Botania Publishers and Distributors.
3. Recombinant DNA: A short course, Watson etal, Scientific American Books.
4. Gene Cloning and DNA analysis, T.A.Brown, Blackwell Science Publishers,2001.
5. Gene Biotechnology, S.N.Jogdand,Himalaya Publications, 2003
6. Molecular Biotechno.logy.Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA technology, Bernard R.Gliclc Jack J.Pasternak,A^M Press,Washington,1998.
7. Biotechnology Fundamentals and Applications, S.S.Purohitt, Agrobicjs. Publishers, 2001.
MAJOR PRACTICAL -III
Urine Analysis
Qualitative analysis of normal and Abnormal. Constituents in Urine. Microscopic analysis of urine
1. Estimation of creatinine in urine
2. Estimation of calcium and phosphorus in urine b;
3. Estimation of total cholesterol - Zak's method flame photometry
4. Estimation of titrable acidity of urine
5. Determination of true acidity of urine.
Blood Analysis
1. Estimation of blood Glucose
  a) Nelson - Somogyi. b) O.T method
2. Estimation of proteins in serum by Lowry's method.
3. Determination of albumin and A / G ratio in serum.
4. Estimation of serum bilirubin
5. Estimation of creatine / creatinine - Picric acid method
6. Estimation of lipoproteins in plasma by kit method.
Haematology
1. Estimation of Haemoglobin
2. Enumeration of RBC / WBC
3. Differential count
4. Determination of Blood Grouping, typing* Cross- matching
5. Bleeding time, clotting time
6. ESR, Haematocrit & PCV
Enzymology
Determination of the activity of SGOT sb SGPT
MAJOR PRACTICAL -IV
MICROBIOLOGY
a) Microscope-handling and care.
b) Preparation of media-liquid, solid ,slant.
c) Culture techniques-streak plate. pour plate, spread plate.
d) Enumeration of microbes from soil, air, water.
e) Staining techniques-simple. differential and simple staining.
f) Determination of growth curve by turbidity method.
IMMUNOLOGY
a) Handling experimental animal, methods of injection, collection of blood.
b) Blood grouping, Rh typing and cross matching.
c) Precipitation test.
d) Complement fixation test.
e) Widal test.
f) VDRL test.
g) Pregnancy test.
h) RA factor.
i) Immunodiffusion.
j) ELISA
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND TISSUE CULTURE
a) Estimation of Chlorophyll and determination of Hills reaction.
b) Estimation of lipase
c) Estimation of starch.
d) Isolation of cellulose.
e) Plant tissue culture techniques
f) Sterilisation.
g) Media preparation.
h) Callus induction.
i) Micropropagation.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
a) Extraction and purification of sub-cellular organelles.
b) Extraction of cellular protein by solvent precipitation and estimation of protein.
c) Restriction enzymes.
d) Isolation of plasmid DNA and separation by electrophoresis.
e) Isolation and separation of Genomic DNA
 
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