syllabus
SEMESTER - I
PAPER -1 CELL BIOLOGY
Unit I
Cell Diversity: Cell size shape, cell theory, structure and function and cell organelles in prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells, Cells as experimental models: E.Coli yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, drosphila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana and vertebrates. The cell cycle and programmed cell death: Cell cycle, molecular events in plants and animals. The mechanics of cell division. Cell death: Apoptosis. Extra – cellular control of cell division, cell growth and Apoptosis.
 
Unit II
The cytoskeleton. The self assembly and dynamic structure of cytoskeletal filaments, How cells regulate their cytoskeletal filments; molecular moters, the cytoskeleton and cell behavior. Microtubule motors and movements. Cell-cell interactions: Cell Adhesion proteins, tight and gap junctions, plant cell adhesion and plasmodesmata.
 
Unit III
Energy conversion : Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Electron transport chains and their protein pumps. The genetic system f mitochondria and plastids. The evolution of electron transport chains.
 
Unit IV
Transport of nutrients, icons and macromolecules across membranes. Signal transduction, mechanism and cellular responses to environmental signals. Biosyntesis of proteins in Eukaryotic cells, Co-and post translational modification, intracellular protein traffic. Protein localization: synthesis of secretory and membrane proteins.
 
Unit V
Cellular basis of differentiation and development –mitosis, gametogenesis and fertilization Development in Drosophila and Arabiopsis; PM5 spatial and temporary regulation f gene expression.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS :
 
1. Molecular Biology of cell Bruce Alberts et al., Garland publications.
2. Animals Cytology Evolution MJD, white Cambridge University publications.
3. Molecular Cell Biology Daniel, Scientific American Books.
4. Cell Biology Jack D. Bruke The William Twilkins Company.
5. Principles of Gene Manipulations Old Primrose, Black Well Scientific Publications.
6. Cell Biology - Ambrose Dorouthy M Easty, ELBS Publications.
7. Fundamentals of Cytology Sharp, Mc Graw Hill Company
8. Cytology Wilson Marrision, Reinform Publications
9. Molecular Biology Smith Faber Faber Publications
10. Cell Biology Molecular Biology EDP Roberties EMF Roberties, Sauder College.
11. Principles of Genetics E.J. Gardener, M.J. Simmons and D.P. Snustad, John Wiley Sons Publications.
12. Cell and molecular Biology Slc. Rastogi (2003) New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.
13. Biotechnology by U. Satyanarayana (2005), Books and allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata – 10.
PAPER – II : BIOMOLECULES
 
Unit I
Amino acids and peptides – classification, chemical reactions and physical properties. Proteins – classification, hierarchy in structure, Ramachandran map. Protein sequencing, Glyco and lipoproteins-structure and function.
 
Unit II
Sugars – Classification and reactions, Polysaccharides – types, structure features, methods for compositional analysis.
 
Unit III
Lipids – Classification, structure and functions, glycerol phospholipids sphignolopids, cholesterol and its biosynthesis. Polynucleotides biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, denovo and salvage pathway
 
Unit IV
Secondary metabolites in living systems: Alkaloids, Steroids and Flavonoids Macromolecules and super molecular assemblies – like membranes, ribosome and chromosomes.
 
Unit V
Hormones: Definition, classification of hormones Biological functions and disorders of hormones (Insulin), thyroid hormones (thyroxin), Hypo thalamus and pituitary hormone (GH, TSH, GTH, ADH) and Adrenal gland (Adrenaline, Nor adrenaline) Hormones and Reproduction – hormones as Pharmaceuticals.
Vitamins – Fat soluble and water soluble Vitamins, Minerals, Role of Vitamins and minerals in Human health.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS:
 
1. Biochemistry, D. Voet and J.G. Voet, John Wiley & Sons.
2. Biochemical Calculations, Irwin H.Segel, John wiley and sons inc.
3. General Chemistry, Linus Pauling, W.H. Freeman & Company.
4. Organic Chemistry, DJ Cram and GS Hammond, McGraw Hill.
5. Biochemistry, D Voot and JG Vet, J Wiley and Sons.
6. Physical biochemistry, D Frefilder, W.H. Freeman & Company.
7. Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Work and work.
8. Understanding Chemistry, CNR Rao, Universities Press, Hydrabad 1999.
9. A biologist’s Guide to Principles and Techniques of practical Biochemistry, K. Wilson & KH goulding, ELBS Edition 1986.
10. Tools of Biochemistry by T.G. cooper.
11. Essential of Molecular Biology, David Friefilser. Jones and Barllett publications.
12. Proteins – Structure and Molecular Properties. TE Creighton, WH freeman and company.
13. Genes VII, B. Lewin, Oxford university press
14. Biochemistry, Lubert Stryer, (1999)
15. Biochemistry, U. Satyanarayana, (2005)
16. Biochemistry, L. Verakumarai (2004)
17. General Biochemistry, J.H. Weil (2004)
18. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, JL. Jain (1999)
19. Text Book of Biochemistry, Wilbert, et al., (1996)
PAPER – III : MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS
 
Unit I
History and Development of Microbiology. Microbial evolution, systematic and taxonomy-Evolution of earth and earliest life forms; primitive organisms and their metabolic strategies and molecular coding; New approaches to bacterial taxonomy.
 
Unit II
Methods in Microbiology. Pure culture technique; and auxotrophs. Microbial Growth - The definition of growth, mathematical expression of growth, growth cure, measurement of growth and growth yields, Synchronous growth, Continuous Batch and Fed Batch Culture; Growth as affected by environmental factors like temperature, acidity, alkalinity, water availability and oxygen; culture collection maintenance and preservation.
 
Unit III
Physiology and Metabolic Diversity among Microorganisms - Nutritional classification of microorganisms - chemoautotrophs, chemotheterotrophs and photosynthetic microorganisms. Photosynthesis in microorganisms; Role of Chlorphylls, Carotenoids and phycobilins' Light and Dark Reaction; Chemolithotrophy; Hydrogen, Iron, Nitrate and oxidizing bacteria; Nitrate and sulfate reduction: Syntrophy; Role of anoxic decomposition; Nitrogen metabolism; Nitrogen fixation; Hydrocarbon transformation.
 
Unit IV
Host Parasite Relationships - Normal microflora of skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract; entry of pathogens into the host; colonization and factors predisposing to infections; types of toxins (Exotoxin, Endotoxin and Entreotoxin) and their structure; mode of actions; virulence and pathogenesis. Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents; sulfa drugs; Antibiotics; Pencillins and Cephalosporins; Broad-Spectrum andtibiotics; Antibiotics from prokaryotes; Antifungal antibiotics; Mode of action; Resistance to antibiotics.
 
Unit V
Genes, Mutation and Mutagenesis - Mutagens - Radiation and chemical; Types of mutation and their repair mechanism; Ames test for mutagenesis' Methods of genetic analysis. Bacterial Genetic System - Recombination - Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, Plasmids and Transposons, Bacterial genetic map with reference to E.Coli Genetic Systems of Yeast and Neurospora Extra - Chromosomal Inheritance.
 
Text Books
1. General Microbiology, Stainer, R.Y., Ingraham, J.L. Whelis, M.L and Painter, PlR. The Macmillan Press Btd.
2. Brock Biology Microorganism, Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M. and Parker, J. Printice – Hall.
3. Microbiology, Pelczar, M.J. Jr., Chan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R., Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Microbial Genetics, Majoy, S.R. Cronan, J.E. Jr. and Freifelder, D. Jones, Bartlett Publishers.
5. Microbiological Applications, (A Laboratory Mannual in General Microbiology) Benson, H.J. WCG; Wm C. Brown Publishers.
6. Microbiology Fundamentals and Applications, S.S. Purohit, Published by Agrobios India.
7. Microbial physiology, S. Meena Kumari (2006).
PAPER – IV : MOLELCULAR BIOLOGY
 
Unit I
Introduction to Molecular Biology and Genetic, DNA Replication. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA replication, Mechanics of DNA replication, Enzyme and accessory proteins involved in DNA replication. DNA Repair and Recombination.
 
Unit II
Transcription – Prokaryotic transcription, Eukaryotic transcription, RNA polymerase, General and specific transcription factors, Regulatory elements and mechanisms of transcription regulation, Transcriptional and pos transcriptional gene silencing. Modifications in RNA 5 Cap formation Transcription, 3 end processing and polyenylation, splicing, Edition Nuclear export of mRNA, m-RNA stability.
 
Unit III
Translation – Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, the translation machinery, Mechanisms of initation, elongation and termination, Regulation of translation, co-and post-translational modifications of proteins. Proteins Localization. Synthesis of Secretory and membrane proteins, Import in nycleus, mitochondria, chloroplast and peroxismes, Receptor mediate endocytosis.
 
Unit IV
Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes – Viral and cellular oncogenes tumor suppressor genes from human, Structure, function and mechanisms of action of pRB and p53 tumor suppressor proteins. Homologous Recombination-Holiday junction, gene targeting, genedistruption, FLP/F and Cre/Lox recombination, Rec A and other recombinases.
 
Unit V
Molecular Mapping of Genome – Genetic and physical maps, physical mapping and map-based cloning, choice of mapping population, simple sequence repeat loci, Southern and fluorescene in situ hybridizxation genome analysis; RELO, RAPD and AFLP analysis, Molecular marker linked to dissed resistance genes, Application of RFLP in forensic, disease prognosis, gentic counseling, and Pedigree, varietal etc.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Molecular Cloning; a Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook, E.F. Fritsch and I. Maniatis, Cold Spring harbot Laboratory Press, New York, 2000.
2. Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology, P.D. Dabre, John Wiley & sojns Ltd., Yourk, 1988.
3.
    Molecular Biology LabFax. T.A. Brown (Ed.) bios Scientific Publishers Ltds., Oxford, 1991.
4. Molecular biology of the Gene (4th Edition) J.D. Watson, N.H. Hopikins, J.W. Roberts, J.A. Steiz and A.M.
5. Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D. Baltimore, Scientific American Books, USA, 1994.
6.
    Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B.Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lawis, M. Raff, Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing, Inc., New York, 1994.
7.
    Gene Vi (6th Edition) Benjamin Lewin. Oxford Univerisity Press. U.K., 1998.
8. Molecular Biology and biotechnology. A comprehensive desk reference. R.A. Meyers (Ed.) VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1995.
9. Genomes, T.S. Brown.
 
PRACTICAL – I: LAB IN CELL BIOLOGICAL &  BIOMOLECULES, CELL BIOLOGY
CELL BIOLOGY
1. Principles of Microscopy and Optics.
2. Microtomy & photography
3. Cell Size Determination
4. Staining (Simple staining, Gram staining, Geimsa staining, Wrights staining and Leishman staining)
5. Sub-cellular Fractionation
6. Histochemical localization of protein, carbohydrate, lipid DNA and RNA.
7. Mitosis and Meiosis
8. Giant chromosome (Polytene – Chromosome larvae)
9. Sex chromosome (Barr body)
10. Specialised cells (Sperm cell, Nerve, muscle)
11. Blood cell identification
12. Insect Blood cell identification
 
BIOMOLECULES
1. Preparation of Buffer
2. Estimation of Glucose (Benedict method)
3. Estimation of DNA (Diphenyl amine)
4. Estimation of RNA (Orcinol)
5. Estimation of Protein (Biurette and lowry’s method)
6. Extraction & Estimation starch from potato
7. Paper chromatography – separation of amino acids
8. Thin Layer chromatography – separation of amino acids
9. Separation of Protein (SDS - PAGE)
10. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrate.
11. Qualitative analysis of amino acids.
PRACTCAL - II - LAB IN MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
1. Sterilization Techniques
2. Preparation of liquid and solid media for growth of microorganisms.
3. Motility Test
4. Mushroom Cultivation
5. MBRT (Methelene Blue Reduction Test)
6. Isolation and maintenance of organism by plating, Streaking and serial dilution methods, slants and stab cultures, storage of microorganisms.
7. Isolation of pure cultures from soil and water
8. Growth; Growth curve, Measurement of bacterial population by turbidometry and serial dilution methods. Effect of temperature, pH and carbon and nitrogen source on growth.
9. Microscopic examination of bacteria, yeast and molds and study of organisms by Gram stain, Acid fast stain and staining for spores.
10. Assay of antibiotics and demonstration of antibiotic resistance.
11. Analysis of water for protability and determination of MPN.
12. Biochemical characterization of selected microbes.
 
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Single cell colony isolation – checking for genetic Marker.
2. Induced Mutagenesis (UV & NTG)
3. Isolation Antibiotic resistant & Auxotrophic mutants.
4. Isolation of Plasmid – bacteria.
5. Isolation of DNA – bacteria
6. Formation of Pettite mutants using yeast cells.
7. Reversal auxotrophs.
8. RFLP
SEMESTER - II
PAPER – V PLANT MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Introductory history – laboratory organization, sterilization techniques, nutrition of plant cells, types of media, solid and liquid tissue and organ culture. Initiation and maintenance of callus and suspension culture; single cell clones. Organogenesis; somatic embryogenesis; Shoot-tip culture: rapid clonal propagation and production of virus-free plants. Embryo culture and embryo rescue. Protoplast isolation, culture and fusion; selection of hybrid cells and regeneration of hybrid plants; symmetric and asymmetric hybrids and cybrids.
 
Unit II
Anther, pollen and ovary culture for production of haploid plants and homozygous lines. Cryopreservation, synthetic seed. Plant Transformation Technology; basis of tumor formation, hairy root, features of TI and Riplasmid, mechanisms of DNA transfer, role of virulence genes and promoters. Genetic markers, use of reporter genes, reporter gene with introns, use of scaffold attachment regions, methods of nuclear transformation. Viral vectors and their application, multiple gene transfers.
 
Unit III
Application of Transgenic plants and plant Transformation for productivity and performance herbicide resistance, Bt genes, Non-Bt like protease inhibitors, alpha amylase inhibitor, virus resistance, coat protein mediated, nucleocapsid gene disease resistance, antifungal proteins, nematode resistance, abiotic stress, post-harvest losses, long shelf life of fruits and flowers, male sterile lines, carbohydrate composition and storage.
 
Unit IV
Metabolic Engineering and industrial Products: Plant secondary metabolites, control mechanisms alkaloids, industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics, therapeutic proteins, lysosomalantibodies, edible vaccines, purification strategies. Somalclonal variation in vitro cultures – causes stability and utilization – genetic and epigenetic basis.
 
Unit V
Conventional plant breeding Molecular Marker – aided Breeding: RFLP maps, linkage analysis, RAPD markers, AFLP, molecular marker assisted selection. Arid and semi-arid plant biotechnology. Green house and green-home technology. Applications of various techniques for crop improvement in agriculture horticulture and in forestry.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. J. Hammond, P. MCGarvey and V.Yusibov (Eds.) Plant Biotechnology. Springer Verlag. 2000.
2. T.J. Fu, G. Singh, and W.R. Curtis (Eds) : Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the productions of Food ingredients Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press. 1999.
3. H.S. Chawla: Biotechnology in Crop improvement International Book Distributing Company, 1998.
4. R.J. Henry Practical Application of plant Molecular Biology, Chapman and hall. 1997.
5. P.K. Gupta Elements of Biotechnology. Rastogi and Co. Meerut, 1996.
6. U. Satyanarayana, Biotechnology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd., 2005. Books and Allied (P) Ltd, 83/1 Beliaghata Main Road, Kplkata. Rs. 395.00
 
PAPER – VI ANIMAL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Structure and organization of animal cell, cell physiology. Equipments and materials for animal cell sulture technology. Primary and established cell line cultures.
 
Unit II
Introduction to the balance salt solution and simple growth medium. Brief discussion on the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium. Role of carbon dioxide. Role of serum and supplements.
 
Unit III
Serum & protein free defined media and their application. measurement of viability and cytotoxicity. Biology and characterization of culture cells, measuring parameters of growth.
 
Unit IV
Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in vitro; disaggregation of tissue and primary culture; maintenance of cell culture; cell separation. Scaling –up of animal cell culture, Cell synchronization. Cell cloning, micromanipulation and types of cloning. Cell transformation. Application of animal cell culture.
 
Unit V
Stem cell culture, embryonic stem cells and their applications. Cell culture based vaccines. Somatic cell genetics. Organ and histotypic cultures. Measurement of cell death. Apoptosis. Three dimensional culture and tissue engineering.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Culture of Animal Cells, (3rd Edition), R.lan Froshney, Wiley-Liss
2. Animal Cell Culture – Practical Approach, Ed. John R.W. Mesters, Oxford.
3. Cell Growth and Division; A Practical Approach, Ed, R. Basega, IRL Press.
4. Cell Culture Lab Fax. Eds. M. Butyler & M. Dawson, Bios Scientific Publications Ltd. Oxford.
5. Animal Cell Culture Techniques. Ed. Martin Clynes, Springer.
6. Methods in cell Biology, Vol. 57, Animal Cell Culture Methods. Ed., Jenni P Mathur and David Barnes. Academic Press.
7. Animal Cell Culture, John. RW. Masters (2000).
8. Instant Notest in Animal Biology, Richard D. Turd, (2003).
 
PAPER – VII GENETIC ENGINEERING
 
Unit I
Scope of Genetic Engineering Milestones in Genetic Engineering, DNA sequencing, synthesis and mutation, detection and separation, cloning, gene expression. Genetic engineering guidelines. Molecular Tools and Their Applications. Restriction enzymes, modification enzymes, Nucleic Acid Purification.
 
Unit II
Nucleic Acid Amplification and its Applications. Gene Cloning Vectors Plasmids, bacteriophages, Phagemids, cosmids. Artificial chromosomes. Restriction Mapping of DNA fragments and Map Construction.
 
Unit III
cDNA Synthesis and Cloning –mRNA enrichment, reverse transcription, DNA primers, linkers, adaptors and their chemical synthesis, Library construction and screening. Nucleic acid microarray arrays. Site directed Mutagenesis and Protein Engineering. How to Study Gene Regulation? DNA transfection, Northern blot, Primer extension, SI mapping RNase protection assays, Reporter assays.
 
Unit IV
Expression Strategies for Heterologous Genes. expression in bacteria, expression in yeast, expression in insects and insect cells, expression in mammalian cells, expression in plants. Processing of Recombinant proteins-Purification and refolding, characterization of recombinant proteins, stabilization of proteins. Phage Display.
 
Unit V
T-DNA and Transposon Tagging-Role of gene tagging in gene analysis, T-DNA and Transposon tagging, Identification and isolation of genes through T-DNA or transposon. Transgenic and GeneKnockut Technologies.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Molecular Closing: a Laboratory Manual, J. Sambrook. E.F. Fritisch and T. Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 2000.
2. DNA Cloning: a practical Approach, D.M. Glover and B.D. Hames. IRL Press Oxford, 1955.
3. Molecular and cellular Methods in Biology and Medicine, P.B. Kaufman, W.Wu., D.Kim and L.J: Cseke, CRC Press. Florida, 1995.
4. Methods in Enzymology Vol. 152, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, S.L. Berger and A.R. Kimmel, A .R. Kimmel, Academic press. Inc. San Dlogo, 1998.
5. Methods in Enzymology Vol.185, Gene Expression Technology, D.V. Gooddol, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, 1990.
6. DNA Science. A First Course in Recombinant Technology, D.A. Mickloss and G.A. Greyer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1990.
7. Molecular Biotechnology (2nd Edn.) S.B. Primorso, Blackwoll Scientific Publishers, Oxford, 1994.
8. Milestones in Biotechnology, Classic paper on genetic Engineering, J.A. Davies and W.S. Rozhnikolf, Butterworth-Helnemann, Boston, 1992.
9.
    Route Maps in Gene Technology, M.R. Wlaker and R. Repley, Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, 1997.
10. Genetic Engineering. An Introduction togene analysis and exploitation in eukaryotes. S.M. Kingsman and A.J. Kingsman, Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford, 1998.
11. Molecular Biotechnology – Glick.
 
SPECIAL PAPER -  I : HUMAN RIGHTS
 
Unit I
Human rights – definition – characteristics of human rights – classification of rights – the Universal declaration of human rights international covenants on economic, social and cultural rights.
 
Unit II
Constitutional guarantee on human rights – Fundamental rights part III of the constitution – Directive Principles Part IV of the constitution.
 
Unit III
Civil and political rights – Rights to work, right to personal freedom, right to freedom of expression right to property, right to education, right to equality, right to religion, right to form association and unions, right to family, right to contract, right to constitutional remedies, right to contest in election, right to hold public office, right to petition, right to criticize government.
 
Unit IV
Economic rights:  Right to work, to adequate wages, right to reasonable hours of work, right to self government industry.
 
Unit V
Women’s Rights. Right to inheritance, right to divorce, right to remarry, right to education right to employment and career advancement.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Constitutional Law – Pandey
2. Human Rights – a selected Bibliography- USIS
3. Human Rights – UNESCO, 1987
4. Indian Social Institution – Singh, KS. 1983.
5. Violation of Democratic Rights in India – Desai, A.R. 1986.
 
(Note : The teacher may teach the special paper syllabus from a group of departments. The principal is to fix one department as in-charge for the said paper. Pass mark (50 marks) is necessary for the promotion of students. However, ;this mark will not be included for calculation of rank of class)
 
PRACTICAL III: LAB IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
1. Preparation of media.
2. Surface sterilization
3. Organ culture
4. Callus propagation or gamogenesis, transfer of plants to soil.
5. Protoplast isolation and culture.
6. Anther culture, production of Haploids.
7. Pollen Culture.
8. Agrobacterium induction reporter gene (GUS)assays.
9. Isolation of Plant DNA
10. Green house.
 
PRACTICAL IV- LAB IN ANIMAL CELL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 
1. Isolation of plasmid DNA.
2. Isolation of Lambhda phage DNA.
3. Quantitation of nucleic acids.
4. Bacterial culture and antibiotic selection media. Preparation of competent cells.
5. Restriction digestion.
6. Ligation.
7. Transformation using bacterial culture.
8. DNA sequencing - Demonstration
9. PCR - Demonstration
 
SEMESTER – III
PAPER – VIII IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
History and scope of immunology – Types of immunity. Anatomy of lymphoid organis; primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Immunoglobulin structure function, and synthesis, memory cells, Idiotpic Network, Lymphocyte differentation.
 
Unit II
Major histocompatibility complex-cells of the immune system, haematopoesis and differentiation, lymphocyte trafficking, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes macrophages dendritic, cells, langerhan cells, Natural killer cells and lymphokine activated killer cells, eiosinophils, neutrophils and mast cells.
 
Unit III
Regulation of immune response-antigen processing and presentation, generation of humoral and cell mediated immune responses; activation of B and T-lymphocytes, cytokines, and their role in immune regulation. T-cell regulation, MHC restriction, immunological tolerance.
 
Unit IV
Cell mediated cytotoxicity Mechanism of T-cell and NK –cell mediated lysis. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, macrophage mediated, cytotoxicity, Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, transplantation, immunity to infectious agents (inter-cellular parasites, helminthes and virues). Tumor immunology, AIDS and other Immunodeficiencies. Hybridoma technology and monoclonal antibodies.
 
Unit V
Antigen – Isolation, purification and characterization of various antigen and haptens from pathogens and other biological molecules by biophysical and chemical and affinity separation methods. Production of antibodies, purification of antibodies. Antigen – antibody reaction, Hybridoma and monoclonal antibody production; Immuno – diagnosis and applications of monoclonal antibodies in biomedical research, human monoclonal antibodies; catalytic antibodies; complement fixation; assessment of immune complexes in tissues.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Topley and Wilson’s (1995) Text Book on principles of Bacteriology, virology and iMmunology, Edward Arnold, London.
2. Kuby Immunology, 4th Edition- R.A. Goldsby, Thomas J. kindr. Barbara, A.Osbarne, (Freeman) & Co.New York.
3. Immunology-A short course, 4th Edition-Eli Benjamini, Richard Coico, Geoffrey Sunshine, (Wiley –Liss).
4. Fundamentals of Immunology, William paul.
5. Immunology, By Roitt and others
6. Roitt, I.M. (1998) Essentials of Immunology, ELBS, Blackwell Scientific publishers, London.
7. Immunology by Abbas
8. Microbiology by Abbas
9. Microbiology by Pelczer, Chan and Krieg. TMH.
10. Essential Immunology, Ivan M Roitt and peter J. Delves (2001).
11. Immunology, Donald M. Weir & John Stewart, (1996)
12. Immuno Biology, Charles A Janeway, (2001).
 
PAPER – IX ENZYMOLOGY AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Enzyme classification and nomenclature of enzymes according to IUB. Intracellular localization of enzymes, homogenization techniques, isolation and fractionation of enzymes by precipitation, gel filteration, chromatography and ultra centrifugation techniques. Isoenzyme and the separation reaction rates, collision and transition state theories.
 
Unit II
Order of reaction, Activation energy. Kinetics of enzyme catalysed reaction – Steady state kinetics, Michaeli’s Menten Equation and its transformation. Bi substrate reaction – Mechanism – random-ordered and ping pong mechanism – Radio isotopic studies.
 
Unit III
Determination of the Active site of the enzyme and amino acid present. ES Complex formation – Evidence for the existence. Mechanism of action of Chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and carboxy peptidase. Nucleophilic and Electrophilic attack. Role of metal ions in enzyme catalysis.
 
Unit IV
Enzyme inhibitors – kinetics of competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive inhibitors. Allosteric interaction mechanism of enzyme catalysis, includes acid base catalysis, Covalent, metal ion, electrostatic proximity and orientation effect. Immobilisation of enzyme – Methods.
 
Unit V
Structure and function of co enzyme – Reaction involving, TPP, Pyridoxal phosphate, Nicotinamide, Flavin nucleotides, Co enzyme A, Biotin Vitamin K dependent carboxylation. Co enzymes in one carbon transfer. Clinical and industrial application of enzymes – Enzymes engineering – site directed mutagenesis – subtilisin engineering of stability and of properties.
 
Text Books
1. Biological chemistry by H.R. Mahier and E. Cordes (1986)
2. Enzymes by Dizon and Webb.
3. Genes VI by Benjamin Lewin (1997)
4. Principles of Biochemistry by Albert Lehinger.
 
PAPER – X BIOPROCESS AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Introduction to bioprocess engineering; Isolation and screening of industrially important microbes. Primary & Secondary detection & assay of fermentation products. Improvement of the strains for increased yield and other desirable characteristics. Advantages of bioprocess over chemical process. Basic principles in bioprocess. Fermentations – Submerged, solid state and immobilization.
 
Unit II
Media formulation. Sterilization. Thermal death kinetics. Batch and continuous sterilization systems, Sterilization of air. Fibrous filters. Reactor dynamics and stability, non ideal reactor, residence time distribution, mixing pattern, types of reactors – CSTR, Tower, jet loop, Air lift, Bubble column, packed bed, Immobilized cells. Enzyme co-immobilization. Bioreactor design, parts and their functions.
 
Unit III
Transport phenomenon in bioprocess-Mass transfer, Mass transfer coefficient for gases and liquids. Dimensionless groups. Mass transfer resistance. Rate of oxygen transfer. Determination of oxygen transfer coefficients. Biological properties of medium. Biological heat transfer. Heat transfer coefficients.
 
Unit IV
Bioprocess control and monitoring of variable such as temperature, agitation, pressure, pH. On line measurement. On/Off control. PID, Control. Elementary idea of Canning & Packing Sterilization & Pasteurization and preservation of food products.
 
Unit V
Ultrafiltration centrifugation, Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Solvent extraction, Distillation, Purification of biologicals (Down stream Processing).
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Comprehensive Biotechnology- Volume 2, 3 and 4 by Moo-Yours (Editor) (1985) Pergarmon press.
2. Fundamentals of Biotechnology by P. Prave A. Faust W. Sitting and D.A. Snakaseh (1987) WCH Winhein.
3. Principles of Fermentation technology by P.F. Stanbury, and A. Whitakor (1984). Pergamon Press.
4. Chemical Engineering by J.M. Coulson and J.f. Richaxison (1984). Progamon Press P.a.
5. Microbial Biotechnology by Glazer and NIteaid D (1995) WH Framan & co New York.
6. Industrial Biotechnology by Casida.
7. Industrial Biotechnology by patel.
 
PAPER – XI ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Environment : Basic concepts and issues. Environmental Pollution: Types of pollution, Methods for measurement of pollution; Methodology of environmental management – The problem solving approach and its limitations. Air pollution and its control through biotechnology.
 
Unit II
Water pollution and its control: Water as a scarce natural resource, Need for water management of water pollution, Source of chemical and Biological treatment processes. Microbiology of waste water treatment – Physical, chemical and biological treatment processes. Microbiology of waste water treatments: Aerobic process, Activated sludge, Oxidation ditches, Trickling filters, towers, rotating discs, rotating drums, oxidation ponds.
 
Unit III
Anaerobic Processes: Anaerobic digestion, Anaerobic filters, Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. Treatment schemes for waste waters of dairy, distillery, tannery, sugar, antibiotic industries.
 
Unit IV
Microbiology of degradation of Xenobiotics in environment ; Ecological considerations, decay behaviour & degradative plasmids; Hydrocarbons, substituted hydrocarbons, oil pollution, surfactants, pesticides, Bioremediation of contaminated soils and wasteland. Biopesticides in integrated pest management.
 
Unit V
Solid wastes: Sources and management (Composting, wormiculture and methane production). Global environmental problems: Ozone depletion, UV-B, Green house effect and acid rain, their impact and biotechnological approaches for management.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water.
2. Determination of total dissolved solids of water.
3. Determination of dissolved oxygen concentration of water sample.
4. Determination of biological exygen demand (BOD) of a sewage sample.
5. Determination of chemical exygen demand (COD) of sewage sample.
6. Determine the efficiency of revoval of air pollutant using fibrous air filter.
7. Isolation of xenobiont degrading bacteria by selective enrichment technique.
8. Test for the degradation of a aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria.
9. Survey of degradative plasmids in microbes growing in polluted environment.
10. Effect of Sulphur dioxide on crop plants.
11. Estimation of heavy metals in water/Soil by Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
12. Estimation of nitrate in drinking water.
13. Study on Biogenic methane production in different habitats
14. Environmental Science and Biotechnology: Theory & techniques, A.G. Murugesan and C. Rajakumari, (2005).
 
PRACTICAL – IV LAB IN IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY ENZYMOLOGY & ENZYME TECHNOLOGY, BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING A TECHNOLOGY  AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
1. Blood grouping
2. Blood Cell Analysis
3. Lympocyte subset identification and enumeration
4. Prparation of serum components
5. Immunodiffusion
6. Radial Immuno-difussion test
7. Haemagglutionation
8. Antigen – Antibody reaction – Precipitation & Agglutination reaction tests
ENZYMOLOGY & ENZYME TECHNOLOGY
1. Isolation of Extra cellular Enzymes
2. Isolation of Intra Cellular Enzymes
3. Isolation of membrane bound Enzymes
4. Purification of Enzyme
5. Assay of Enzyme (Protease) activity
6. Enzyme Immobilization
 
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Isolation of industrially important microorganisms for microbial processes.
2. Determination of thermal death point (TDP) and thermal death time (TDT) of microorganisms for design of the sterilizer.
3. Comparative studies of Ethanol production using different substrates.
4. Microbial production of citric acid using Aspergillus niger.
5. Microbial production of antibiotics (Penicillin).
6. Production and estimation of Alkaline Protease.
7. Use of aliginate for cell immobilization.
 
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Detection of coliforms for determination of the purity of potable water.
2. Determination of total dissolved solids of water.
3. Determination of dissolved oxygen concentration of water sample.
4. Determine the efficiency of removal of air pollutant using fibrous air filter.
5. Estimation of nitrate in drinking water.
 
SEMESTER – IV
PAPER – XII : FOOD AND PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Dairy Products : Cheese - principles of cheese making, general methods, chedder cheese, swise cheese, surface ripened cheese, cheese spoilage and public health - Styphylococcal, salmonellosis, E.coli, Butalism, Aflatoxins
 
Unit II
Fermented Food: Soy sauce, Miso, tempeh, ontiom, hamantto, sufu, Natto, idli, Ang-kak fermented fish products. Saucer krant, pickles, fermentation of olives, fermented sausages. Production of bread, organic acids, acetic acid, lactic acid and citric acid, amino acids- glutamic acid.
 
Unit III
Production of food flavourants and pigments. Production of distilled beverage, alcohol, wine, brandy and beer. Single cell protein and Baker's yeast. Food industry enzyme.
 
Unit IV
Historical perspective, influences of molecular biology on drug discovery. Random screen up. Target identification and validation, organic synthesis in drug discovery, bio availability and pharmacokinetics
 
Unit V
Synthesis of secondary metabolites from plants-Drug discovery in cancer research - Vaccine development - Molecular diagnosis tool development - Detection of mutations identification of antigen / antibody. Biosensors.
 
Text Books
1. Industrial Microbiology – Prescott and Dunn’s Gerald Reed (1983) – 4th Edn. AVI publishing Company Inc. Connecticut.
2. Genetic Engineering Applications for Industry, 1981. Paul JK, Noyer Cooperation, New Jersey.
3. Fundamentals of food Processing, 1980. Toledo RT. AVI publishing company, USA.
4. Science Vol. 287, 17 march 2000. Whole Issue
5. Protein Targets for structure - based drug design, 1992, p 317-372. Walkindshaw, Ned, Res. Rer.
6. Molecular Modeling in drug Design, 1985, p 573-659, Marshell, GR.
PAPER – XIII : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
 
Unit I
Spectroscopy: Laws of absorption General principles, instrumentation and applications of UV-visible spectrophotometry, flourimetry, flame photometry and atomic absorption sprctrophotometry. Brief account of NMR, ESR and mass spectrometry in biology.
 
Unit II
Chromatography: Basic principles. Paper and thin layer chromatography. Gas liquid chromatography, Ion-exchange chromatography. Molecular sieve and affinity chromatography. HPLC.
 
Unit III
Electrophoresis & Centrifugation General principles. Paper electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis. Pulses field gel electrophoresis. ISO electric focusing. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. SDS PAGE. Basic principles of sedimentation. Principles and techniques of preparative centrifugation. Subcelluar fractionation. Density gradient centrifugation. Molecular weight determination. Ultracentrifugation.
 
Unit IV
Radioisotope techniques: Nature and unit of radioactivity. Detection and measurement of radioactivity - Geiger and scintillation counters. Autoradiography. Applications of radioisotopes in biology. Radiation hazardous.
 
Unit V
Computer system - peripheral for communication - internet access. Use of nucleic acid databases, sequence analysis by GLG package, Genome project and bioinformatics, BLAST search for multiple sequence alignments. Protein structural data bank. Structure prediction, simple molecular modeling.
 
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Wilson and Walker practical Biochemistry principles and Techniques. Cambridge University press 2000.
2. Physical Biochemistry: Application to biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Friefelder.
3. Biophysical chemistry – Principles and Techniques. Upadyyay, Upadhyay and Nath Himalaya Publications.
4. Modern Experimental Biochemistry. Boyer III Edition Benjamin Cummings.
5. Computation methods in molecular biology. Comprehensive Biochemistry 32 Vol. Seiziberg, S L, Searls 1 D B and Kasif,
6. Genetic data analysis: Computer program for the analysis of allelic data. Available at http:// chee. Unm.edu/gda Lewis PO., and Zakin D., 1997.
PAPER – XIV : BIOINFORMATICS, IPR, BIOSAFETY AND BIOETHICAL ISSUE
 
Unit I
Bioinformatics : Use of databases in biology sequence database structural databases, Sequence Analysis - protein and nucleic and Structural comparisons, genome projects.
 
Unit II
Information theory and biology: Entropy, Shannon's form divergences from equiprobability and independence, Markoy chains, ergo processes, redundancy, application to DNA and protein sequences.
 
Unit III
Microarray data analysis : Microarry data analysis methods, to and resources and sequence sampling and SAGE (serial analysis of expression). Proteomic data analysis - Analyzing data from 2D - PAGE and analying protein mass spectrometry data. Bioinformatics pharmaceutical industry: Drug discovery and pharmainformatics resource.
 
Unit IV
Intellectual Property Right : WTO-GATT and TRIPS. Different type of intellectual property rights 0 patents- Plant breeder's rights. Patient application 0 Rules gobverning patents. Examples of patents biotechnology. Special application of patent law is biotechnology Licensing and cross licensing. Flavr SavrTm tomato as a model case.
 
Unit V
Biosafety: Definition - requirement - Biosafety for human a environment - General guidelines - Guidelines for rDNA research activity Containment facilities and Biosafety practices - Guidelines for research transgenic plants and applications. Social and ethical issue
 

SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Molecular databases for protein sequence and structure studies Silince, JA and Sillince M (1991) springer Verlag.
2. Sequence Analysis primer by M. Gribskov, J. Devereux (1989) Stockt Press.
3. Computational Methods in Mol. Biol./. Now Compreshensive Biochemistry Vol.32. S.L. Seizberg DB Serals, S. Kasif Elsevier 1998.
4. Computer methos for macromolecular analysis. Methods in Enzymology. Vol.266 by R.F> Doolittle. Academic Press 199.
5. Information theory and living systems by L.I. Garfield, (1992) Columt University Press.
6. Recombinant DNA safety guidelines & Regulation, Department of Biotechnology Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India.
7. Recombinant DNA safety guidelines & Regulation, Department Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India Revised guidelines for research in Transgenic plants, Department Biotechnology, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government India Instant Notes- Bioinformatics David R. Westhead, J. Howard Parish and Richard M. Twyman. Viva books private Limited, Chennai.
"HUMAN RIGHTS"
 
A compulsory paper of all Post Graduate Students in their first year of study
Human Rights
Unit I
HUMAN RIGHTS – definition – historical evolution – classification of rights – universal declaration of Human rights – International Covenents an economic and social rights – Constitution provision of Human right – Fundamental right – Directive principles of the state policy – Indian constitution.
 
Unit II
CVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS. Right to work-right to personal freedom-right to freedom of expression-right to property-right to education-right to equality-right to religion – right to form associations-and unions. Right to movement-right to family-right to contract-right to constitutional remedies-right to vote and contest in elections-right to hold public offices-right to petition-right to information-right to criticize the Government-right to democratic governance.
 
Unit III
ECONOMIC RIGHT – right to work-right to adequate wages-right to reasonable hours of work –right to fair working conditions-right to self government in industry-customer rights –social and cultural rights-right to life-right to clean environment.
 
Unit IV
WOMEN’S RIGHT – right to inheritance – right to marriage-divorce and remarry-right to adoption-right to education –right to employment and career advancement –rights relating to dowry –right for equality-right for safe working condition-children’s rights. Right to protection and care-right to education issues related with female infanticide –street children-child labour-Bonded labour-refugees rights-Minority rights. Debit rights-Tribal rights-nomads rights.
 
Unit V
Human right violation – International – National-regional level-Organisations to protect Human rights-UNO-National Commission for Human rights- states commission-nongovernmental organization and Human rights. Amnesty International-Asia watch –PUCL-OCDR-Peoples watch. Emerging trends Terrorism and Human rights- Emergency and Human rights-Judiciary and Human rights-Media and Human right police and Human rights.
 
 
 
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