A general introduction to the science of biochemistry; properties of water and aqueous solution; pH and biological buffers; chemical equilibria; review of thermodynamic principles. Introduction Lo biomolecules; biochemical basis of structural and functional variations in the living beings; Prebiotic molecular evolution and origin of life; review of the variety and ecology of the living world; evolution of life.
Unit II
Stereoisomerism and optical isomerism, anomeric forms, mutarotation. monosaccharides-structure, reactions due to hydroxyl and keto groups. Important derivatives of monosaccharides.Structure, occurrence and functions of the amino sugars, deoxy sugars and their acids. Polysaccharides- Introduction- Homo and hetero olysaccharides-structure, properties and biological significance- starch, glycogen, cellulose,chitin, sialic acid, blood group substances, glycans, bacterial cell wall polysaccharides and glycoprotein etc.
Unit III
Classification and structure of proteins(l°,20,3°, 4°), bonds stabilizing the
secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, super secondary structures of
proteins, reverse turns, Ramachandran plot, denaturation and renaturation of
proteins. Fibrous and globular proteins-Structural characteristics of Hb,
myosin, actin, collagen, keratin and elastin.
Unit IV
Classification of the lipids, structure and the biological significance of phospholipids, glycolipid, sterols and prostaglandin-ceramide, cerebroside, ganglioside and sphingomyelin, bile acid, membrane lipids. Lpoproteins.
Unit V
Isolation and purification of DNA and RNA.(1°,20,3°,40) levels of structure of DNA architecture. Structure and roles of the types of RNA, sequencing of nucleic acids. Properties of DNA- Denaturation, hyperchromic effect, Tm and viscocity, Cot value ' curve. General considerations in DNA -protein interactions. Palindrome, Formation and stability of cruciforms structures in DNA. Left handed Z -DNA, Miscellaneous alternative conformations of DNA-slipped, mispaired DNA, Parallel-stranded, Anisomorphic DNA.
CELL BIOLOGY
Unit I
Cell classification: Cell variability (size, shape, complexicity, functions). Structural organisation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Plant and animal cells: Variation in structure and function. The ultra structure of nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and their functions
Unit II
The cytoskeleton - microtubules and microfilaments. Types of tissues, epithelium-types,epithelial apices-glycocalyx, microvilli. The basement membrane-structural feature and characterisitics. The extracellular matrix-collagen, elastin, fibrin, fibronectin, laminin and proteoglycans.
Unit III
Biological membrane and transport: Physicochemical properties of cell membranes, molecular constituents of membranes-supra molecular architecture of membranes-asymmetrical organisation of lipids and proteins. Solute transport across membranes- Picks law, types of transport.
Unit IV
Cell - cell and Cell - matrix adhesion: An Overview. Cell - cell interaction - ECM, collagen, hyaluronan and proteoglycans, laminin, integrins and fibronectins. Cell - Cell adhesion: Specialized junctions - Desmosomes, gap junctions, adhesion molecules - Cadherins and Connexins.
Unit V
Cell cycle and cancer - Cell cycle - Overview of cell cycle and its control in mammalian cells, checkpoints in cell cycle regulation. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) - Pathways, regulators and effectors in apoptosis. Cancer - Properties of tumor cells and genetic basis and onset of cancer. Tumor viruses - DNA and RNA viruses as transforming agents, mechanism. Tumor suppressor genes and functions of their products.
BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES
Unit I
Buffers : Definition & determination of pH,Handersans-Hasselbech's equation. Buffers & Electrolytes in the body & their functions. Acid - base balance, Donnan membrane equilibrium, Dialysis,Surface tension &Viscosity.
Centrifugation-principIe-Preparative and Analytical centrifugation, Density gradient & Ultra centrifuge. Types of rotors. Advantages Applications & limitations.
Electrophoresis- seperation methods,& fundamental concepts. Principle, advantages & applications of gel electrophoresis, SDS, Native gel,Isoelectric focusing . Pulse field electrophoresis, Capillary Electrophoresis.
Unit IV
Spectrometry-Basic principle, instrumentation & Applications of UV, Visible &IR Spectrophotometers, Mass spectrometry , Flame photometry&Fluorimetry.
Unit V
Radio activity, Radioactive emission, units of Radiation. Quantitation & detection of radio active isotopes. (Gas lonization , liquid scintillation & Autoradiography- Use of probes) Diagnostic & therapeutic uses of Radioactive isotopes. Radiation Hazards & safety measures. Biosensors - principle, types & Applications.
ADVANCED ENZYMOLOGY
Unit I
Isolation and purification of enzymes, criteria of purity ,IUB classification and nomenclature, intracellular location of the enzymes, units of enzyme activity, active site, determination of the 3-D structures of active site, enzyme turnover, significance of enzyme turnover.
Unit II
Enzyme kinetics- Steady -state theory, MM equation, LB plot, Eadie Hoftsee plot, Hanes plot, mechanism of enzyme catalysis (Serine protease, carboxypeptidase and chymotrypsin). Bisubstrate reactions- mechanism and kinetics. Role of metal ions and coenzymes in enzyme catalysed reactions
Unit III
Enzyme regulation- mechanism, feed forward stimulation, feed back inhibition-allosteric enzymes and sigmoidal kinetics and their significance, Hills equation, Scachard plot aadn their application. Reversible and irreversible inhibition-Types, kinetics determination of inhibitor constant from LB plot.
Unit IV
Enzyme immobilization- methods and application. Multi enzyme system-structure mechanism of action and regulation of pyruvate and dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthase complex
Unit V
Large scale application of enzymes in food, leather, textiles and paper industry-carbohydrases, proteolytic enzymes and lipase. Clinical applications of enzyme. Role of enzymes in colorimetric, ampro metric optical and piezo -electric biosensors.
06PBCP01: PRACTICAL-I
1.
Isolation and estimation of glycogen by colorimetry method
2.
Estimation of Thiamine / Riboflavin from cereals by fluorimetric method
3.
Separation of lecithin from egg yolk by TLC
4.
Protein comparison by UV /Biuret / Lowry method
5.
Estimation of calcium by flame photometer
6.
Differential centrifugation of cell organclls and identification by marker enzymes.
7.
Karyotyping
8.
Mitotic preparation - onion root tip
9.
Meiotic preparation from grass hopper testis and flower buds of Rheo discolour
06PBCP02: PRACTICAL -II
1.
Enzyme isolation and assay of enzymatic activity
Extraction and purification of enzymes (Peroxidases)
Molecular weight determination of enzymes by Molecular Sieve method Specific activity
2.
Enzyme kinetics
Estimation of Michaelis Menten parameters,
Effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity, Inhibition and kinetics.
3.
Immobilisation of enzyme
Techniques of enzyme immobilisation-matrix entrapment, ionic and cross linking.
SEMESTER II
BIOENERGETICS AND INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
Unit I : Bioenergeties
Energy transformation, Ltiws of thermodynamics, ,Gibbs energy,Free energy changes and redox potentials,Biological oxidation-oxygenases,hydroxylases, dehydrogenases and energy transducing membranes. Electron transport chain,Oxidative phosphorylation, Uncouplers, Inhibitors of ETC, shuttle systems.
Unit II : Carbohydrate metabolism
Glycolysis, Oxidative decarborboxylation of pyruvate, citric acid cycle its function in
energy generation and regulation of TCA cycle, Krebs- Kornberg cycle, Pentose phosphate pathway and its regulation , uronic acid pathway, gluconeogenesis and its regulation. Interconversion of sugars. Metabolism of glycogen and biosynthesis of starch, hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
Unit III : Lipid Metabolism
Fatty acid biosynthesis- palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. Fatty acid oxidationQnn and peroxysomal oxidation.- Lipid biosynthesis: Triacyl glycerol, phosphoglycerides and sphingo lipids. Biosynthesis of cholesterol, bile acids and rostaglandins. Ketone bodies formation and utilization. Metabolism of circulating lipids: chylomicrons, LDL, HDL, VLDL.
Unit IV : Aminoacid metabolism
Biosynthesis and degradation of glucogenic and ketogenic aminoacids. Deamination, decarboxylation, transamination, urea cycle and its regulation.
Unit V : Nucleotide Metabolism
Biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. Regulation of purines and pyrimidines biosynthesis. Degradation of purines and pyrimidines. Structure and regulation of ribonucleotide reductase.
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit I
Photosynthesis-Structure of choloroplast, Photosynthetic pigments. Light reactions-Properties of light, LHC, RC, water oxidation complex. Photosystem I and II, Cyclic Photophosphorylation and non-cyclic Photophosphorylation. Dark reaction- Photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) by Calvin cycle (CS), Hatch-slack cycle (C4) and CAM Plants. Biochemistry and genetics of RUBISCO.ATP synthase of Chloroplast and mitochondria Mode of action of DCMU. Factors affecting photosynthesis, Photorespiration. Interrelation of photorespiration and crop productivity.
Unit II
Nitrogen metabolism and secondary metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, Types of Nitrogen fixation. Biochemistry and Physiology of Nodule, development of Symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation. Genetics of nitrogen fixation and nodulation, nitrogen assimilation and synthesis of amino acids. Inter relationship between photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. Secondary metabolites -Biosynthesis and function of fiavanoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, Anthocyanin and steroid and lignin. Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanism
Unit III : Plant growth regulators and photomorphogenesis
Biosynthesis ,transport, distribution, mechanism of action and physiological effect of Auxin, Gibberlins, Cytokines, absisic acid, ethylene, photochrome, biological clock. Physiology and biochemistry of seed germination and dormancy. Types and methods of overcome dormancy.
Unit IV : Plant physiology
Water reactions of plants. Mechanism of water absorption-active and passive transport, Apoplast-Symplast oncept. Transpiration-Stomatal structure and mechanism, antitranspirants,ascent of sap. Mineral nutrients-Macro micro nutrients, their role in plants Absorption and distribution of solute, Symport, antiport, PCD in plants, Sterss responses in plants.
Unit V : Plant biotechnology and molecular biology
RFLP genetic map in plants. Linkage of major genes, importance of RFLP and RAPD in plant breeding. Gene tagging .mapping and cloning of plant genes. Selectable markers reporter genes, promoters in plant vectors. Transgenic plants, resistance variety plants, cytoplasmic male sterility, edible nutrients. Biodegradable plastics and delayed fruit ripening. Tissue culture types and application.
MODERN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I
Automation in the clinical biochemistry. Precision, reliability, reproducibility and other factors in quality control. Normal values, radioisotopes in diagnosis. Disorders of mineral metabolism. Iron, calcium and phosphorus.
Unit II : DISORDERS OF CARBOHYDRATE & LIPID METABOLISM
Blood sugar levels, renal threshold, Diabetes mellitus: Insulin receptors and C-peptide, assay of insulin, Glucose tolerance tests, glycogen storage diseases, galactosemia, Fructosuria, pentosuria, mucopolysaccharid sj& Plasma lipids and lipoprotein abnormalities, hypercholesterolemia-Lipidosis and hypolipoproteinemas, Taysach's and Niemann picks diseases. Xanthomatoses
Unit III : DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Inborn errors of metabolism including phenylalaninemia, homocystineuria, tyrosinemia and related disorders, aminoacidurias. Plasma protein disorders. Non protein nitrogenous constituents in blood with reference to urea, uric acid, aminoacid abnormalities including uremia, gout, amino aciduria, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, tyrosinosis, maple syrup urine disease.
DISORDERS OF NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM: purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism.
Unit IV
Liver function tests. Bilirubin metabolism, Jaundice Dubin Johnson syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Crigglers nijjar syndrome, differential diagnosis of jaundice, Gallstones, Steatorrhea, Cirrhosis. Hemoglobinopathies, thalassemias, and anaemias.
Renal function tests osmolarity and free water clearances, acute and chronic renal failure, glomerulonephrities, nephrotic syndrome, renal hyper tension, urinary calculi, analysis of stones, peritoneal and haemodialysis. Gastric function tests.
Unit V : DIAGNOSTICENZYMES
Principes of diagnostic enzymology. Tests for the evaluation of endocrine dysfunction, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, medulla. Detection of inborn errors in foetus and heterozygous carriers by enzyme assay in amniotic fluid. Clinical significance of: aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase, enzyme tests in determination of mycocardial infarction muscle dystrophies and bone disorders. Enzymes of detoxification -polymorphism in drug metabolizing enzymes.
ADVANCED ENDOCRINOLOGY
Unit I
Introduction to Endocrinology. Historical aspects. Definition of a hormone . Chemical nature of mammalian hormones. Hypothalamo - hypophyseal complex, Thyroid parathyroid complex. Gastrointestinal system and pancreas. Adrenal cortex and medulla. Ovary and testis. Pineal.
Unit II
Molecular endocrinology-basic theme. Concepts of receptors. Pharmacological receptors. Neurotransmitter receptors( cholinergic and adrenergic) Structure- function relationship. Chemistry & Biochemical functions of Dopamine, Serotonin.
Unit III
Peptide hormone action. Structure of receptors. G-Protein coupled receptors, Adenylate cyclases. Chemistry and biochemical functions of -GnRH, pituitary, trophic hormones, Insulin and glucagon, sornatostatin, gastrointestinal peptides, oxytocin and vasopressin
Unit IV
Steroid/thyroid hormone, vitamin D and retinoic acids. Structure of receptors: Functional domains DNA binding sites, nuclear transport mechanisms. Transcriptional and post transcriptional control mechanisms. Emphasis on estrogens ,Progesterone androgens, gluco and mineral ocorticoids, Peroxisome. Proliferation factor- Chemistry and biochemical functions.
Unit V
Endocrine dysfunction, molecular basis of the diseases. Hypophyscal, Thyroid, parathyroid adrenal, pancreas, gonads Clinical evaluation of endocrine functions.
PRACTICAL III
1.
Determination of following enzymes Acid phopshatase, Creatine kinase, Aspartate and Alanine amino transferase
2.
LDH isozyme separation from serum or liver
3.
Determination of sodium/potassium using flame photometer
4.
Estimation of glucose, protein, urea, uric acid, cholesterol and creatinine from blood and urine
5.
Determination of chloride
6.
Analysis of urinary calculi
7.
Isolation and estimation of beta-carotene from carrot
8.
Estimation of total amino acid from plant tissues
9.
Isolation of plant pigments by column chromatography
10.
HCG-Testkit
11.
GTT
PRACTICAL IV
1.
Effect of different parameters on bacterial growth kinetics (Substrate, p Hand temperature)
2.
Antibiotic sensitivity assay of different microbes
3.
Identification of microbes - biochemical testsflmvic test)
4.
Serial dilution of VDRL titre and Rh antibody titrc.
5.
Irnmuno diffusion- Single radial and double diffusion
6.
Immunoelectrophoresis
7.
Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
8.
ELISA - hormone assay
9
Complement fixation Lest - Rosette formation
SEMESTER III
IMMUNOLOGY
Unit I
Basic concepts of immunity-types of immunity, components of the immune system- B & T lymphocytes. Haemotopoiesis, differentiation, immunoreactive cells- mast cells, NK cells, T ell subsets, macrophages, leukocytes. Organisation and structure of the lymphoid organs (primary and secondary).Isolation and characterization of T-cells , B-cells and macrophages.
Unit II
Antigens- chemical nature, types, properties, epitope ,haptens , adjuvant, super antigen, antigen recognition and presentation. Activation of B &T cells, Antibodies-biosynthesis, structure, classification and function, generation of antibody diversity. Production, purification, quantification of antibody-RID, EID and nephelometry Primary and secondary immune response, humoral and cell mediated immunity, Antigen -antibody reactions invitro and invivo.
Unit III
Biology of the complement systems, complement fixation tests Immmuno genetics- Major is to compatibility complex-class 1,2,3, and 4 molecules, genetic control of immune response. Transplantation immunology-allo graft, tissue -typing, immmuno supression therapy, MLR, HLA typing, bone marrow transplantation, organ transplants.
Unit IV
Hypersensitivity-Types I to 5, Mechanism, assay and treatment. Immunotolerance, auto-immune disorders, Immuno deficiency disease, hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies ,production and applications in biomedical research, catalytic antibodies. Plantibody immunodiagnosis. Vaccines - DNA vaccines, identification of B and T epitopes for vaccine development.
Unit V
AIDS- Structure of HIV, Mechanism of infection ,irnmunological abnormalities in AIDS, diagnosis and prevention ,AIDS vaccines. Tumor immunology- tumor associated antigen immune response to tumors, tumor immuno theraphy. In situ and in vivo characterization of cells from tissues, macrophage culture and assay of macrophage activation, mitogen and antigen induced lympho-
proliferation assay.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit I
Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes. Molecular definition of gene - pro and eukaryotic transcription units. Chromosomal organization: Structural organization of eukaryotic chromosomes. Histone proteins, Chromatin nonhistone proteins, Tandemly repeated genes, Single sequence DNA. Mobile DNA - mobile elements, bacterial Insertion sequence. Transposons, viral retro transposons, non- viral retro transposons.
Unit II
DNA REPLICATION : Messelson and Stahl's semi-conservative replication model. DNA polymerase 1, II and III, role of DNA polymerase in replication, continuous and discontinuous synthesis of DNA (Okazaki fragments), proof reading capacity of DNA polymerase. Role of Topoisomerase, DNA ligase, helicase and SSB proteins, Primase. DNA replication in eukaryotics, multiple initiation sites, uni and bi directional replication. Telomerase, Rolling circle model, replication of mitochondrial DNA.
TRANSCRIPTION: (In prokaryotes and etikaryotes) Structure and function of RNA polymerase. Fine structure of gene, Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription. Post-transcriptional modifications Various classes of RNAs -rnRNA, rRNA, tRNA, snRNA, hnRNA. Transcription in eukaryotes, multiple transcription factors, enhancer sequences, RNA editing, ribozymes and RNA splicing. Inhibition of transcription. RNA replicase and reverse transcriptase
Unit III
GENETIC CODE: Salient features of genetic code, wobble hypothesis, decipheration of genetic code. Contribution of Nirenberg, Matthaei and Khorana. Natural variation in the genetic code.
TRANSLATION: (In prokaryotes and eukaryotes) t-RNA and its adaptor function, activation of amino acids. Aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase, Ribosomes and its composition. Formation of initiation complex, elongation, termination of protein biosynthesis. Translation in eukaryotes. Post-translational modifications, Protein sorting, Inhibitors of translation, in vitro translation.
Unit IV
REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION :
Basic elements in the control of gene expression, structural and regulatory genes, mechanism of activation of gene expression, operon model, viz., lactose, arabinose, and tryptophan, attenuation. Transcriptional control in eukaryotes, zinc finger motifs, leucine zippers, steroid receptors.
Unit V
Mutations, DNA damage and repair. Recombination - Holliday model, Rec BCD enzyme, Rec A protein, Messelson radding model, site specific recombination. Retroviruses, retroposons and oncogenes
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Unit I
Introduction to Gene Manipulation. Basic Techniques: Isolation and purification of Nucleic Acids, Agarose Gel Electropnoresis, Southern, Northern and western blotting, PCR, Enzymology of Recombinant DNA, Genetic Engineering guidelines.
Unit II
Genetic carriers - Plasmids as vectors - properties, Natural plasmids, pSC 101, pBR 322, vectors pUC vectors . Bacteriophage vectors - Lamda phage,D- Lamda Vectors, packing of Lamda - in vitro. Cosmid vectors, cosmid cloning SS DNA vectors - development of M13 vector, PMBL vector, Lambda ZAP. Viral vectors -SV40, retrovirus, adenovirus, recombinant vaccinia virus vectors. Baculo virus vector for insects, Transposons as vectors. Restriction mapping of DNA fragments and Map construction. DNA Cloning in Organisms other than E.coli. Sequencing, Cloning in E.coli
Unit III
Isolation and characterization of Gene transcripts: Converting mRNA transcripts into cDNA, Screening Representative cDNA libraries, Functional sequencing of cDNA Expression libraries. Nucleic acid microarray.
Unit IV
Gene Therapy; Antisense oligonucleotides, SiRNA, Ribozymes, Artificialy designed aptamers and mutant proteins, Gene therapy for inherited diseases, ADA, FH, Cystic Fibrosis, DMA, Neoplastic disorders, infectious diseases, Somatic Cell Gene therapy, The Human Genome Project. Stem cells and its application in medicine.
Unit V
Fermentation - submerged and solid state fermentation. Fermentor design, Industrial use of microbes, strain improvement. Inocula preparation, Down stream processing-Recovery and purification of intracellular and extra cellular products. Production of microbial enzymes - Amylase, protease, pectinase, production of bacterial and fungal polysaccharide, bioinsectisides.
GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS
Unit I
Data ware housing, data capture, data analysis, Sequence data banks, Introduction to Sequence data banks - Protein sequence data banks NBRF-PIR, SWISSPROT, signal peptide databank. Nucleic acid sequence data bank, Genbank, EMBL, Nucleotide sequence data bank. AIDS virus sequence data bank, tRNA data bank.
Unit II
Genome sequencing; chain termination and automated DNA sequencing; shotgun and gene cloning strategies; library construction; sequence assembly and gap closure; genome resources - NCBI Map viewer, ORF finder, Locuslink. Analysis tools for sequence data banks. Pair wise alignment-; Smith Waterman. Multiple alignment - CLUSTAL, PRAS.
Unit III
BLAST & FASTA types and their algorithms, Structural data banks - Protein DataBank (PDB), The Cambridge Structural Database(CSD), Genome data bank, Metabolic pathway data, Composite protein sequence databases. Biochemical pathway databases - WIT and KEGG
Unit IV
Protein classification, secondary and tertiary structure prediction, GOR Method, Chou-Fasman method, HMMs, Neural networks, Blocks and Profile analysis. Phylogenetic analysis- aximum parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, UPGMA methods.
Unit V
Microbial and cellular data banks, Introduction to MSDN (Microbial Strain Data Network), Numerical coding systems of microbes, Hybridoma data bank structure, Virus information system, cell line information system, Other important data banks in the area of Biotechnology / Life sciences / Biodiversity.
PRACTICAL V
1.
Genomic DNA isolation
2.
Plasmid DNA isolation.
3.
mRNA isolation using oligo-dT column - Affinity chromatography (demonstration)
4.
Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA / RNA
5.
Restriction analysis of DNA
6.
Preparation of competent E coli - transformation
7.
Callus induction and Micropropagation (demonstration)
8.
Visit to animal cell culture lab
PRACTICAL VI
1.
Southern blot hybridization (demonstration)
2.
Polymerase chain reaction for amplification of DNA (demonstration)
3.
PDB and its analysis
4.
CSD System analysis
5.
Gciibank
6.
NCBI search
7.
OMIM
8.
Pub Med search
9.
EMBL
10.
BLAST and PASTA format
11.
Alignments - (Pair wise and Multiple-CLUSTAL W & X)
SEMESTER IV
BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Unit I
Biostatistics-meaning, basic principles, importance in biological practice, variables-scales measurements, collection of data- questionnaire, classification-tabulation, diagrammatic and graphical representation of the biological data.
Unit II
Sample, population- sampling methods, surveys statistical inference, point of interval estimation, hypothesis-simple hypothesis testing, normal, t-test, chi square test, ANOVA and interpretation, important non parametric methods.
Unit III
Measures of central tendency, variations , standard deviation- standard error of mean, correlation regression, prediction and its importance, probability, sensitivity, specificity. fficiency of screeningn tests, normal distribution-properties and its importance.
Unit IV
Research methodology : biological research meaning - importance , constraints-steps in research process-selection and statement of problem, formulation of hypothesis, review of literature, pilot study, reliability and validity of a tool. IPR -Bioethics.
Unit V
Principles and methods of research designs-experimental and non-experimental design, cross-sectional, prospective and retrospective studies. Preparing, writing and documentation of research report. Role of computers in biological research and practice
BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
Unit I
Drug - structural features and pharmacological activity. Absorption. Agonist and Antagonist, Metabolism- phase I, II reactions, action of Cytochrome P450 and elimination of drug. Receptor - localisation, types and subtypes, Coupled receptor and ion - channel linked receptors.
Unit II
Mechanism of action of drugs used in therapy :
Hypolipidemic agents, Antimicrobial drugs - Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Cotrimoxazole, Penicillins, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins and Bacterial Resistance; Thyroid and Antithyroid drugs.
Unit III
Definition and scope of toxicology- Toxic effects: Basis for general classification and nature. Dose - Response relationship: synergism and Antagonism, Determination of EDso and LDso. Acute and chronic exposures. Factors influencing Toxicity
Unit IV
Principles and Procedures of testing for acute toxic effects: Regulatory guidelines, mammalian system affected and the clinical signs of systemic toxicity. Factors affecting acute toxicity studies. Toxicity testing: Test protocol, Genetic toxicity testing and mutagenesis assays: In vitro Test systems - Bacterial mutation tests: Reversion test, Ames test, Fluctuation test and eukaryotic muataion tests. In vivo mammalian mutation tests. Chromosome damage test
Unit V
Pesticide toxicity: Insecticides: Organochlorines, anticholinesterases -
organophosphates and carbamates. Fungicides. Herbicides. Environmental
consequences of pesticide toxicity. Biopesticides. Occupational toxicology and
assessment of occupational hazards: Industrial effluent toxicology and
environmental health
PERIYAR UNIVERSITY SUGGESTED READINGS FOR M.SC. BIOCHEMISTRY
BIOMOLECULES
. Lehninger's Principles of Biochemistry (2000) by Nelson, David L.and Cox, M.M. Macmillan / worth,.NY
. Fundamentals of Biochemistry (1999) by Donald Voet, Judith G.Voet and Charlotte W Pratt, John Wiley & Sons, NY
. Outlines of Biochemistry (1987) by Eric E.Conn.P.K.Stumpf, G. Bruening and Ray H.Doi, John Wiley & Sons, NY
. Biochemistry 3rd (1994) by Lubert Stryer, WH Freeman and Co., Sen Francisco" Text Book of Biochemistry - (1997) fourth edition,
Thomas M.Devlin,A.John Wiley, Inc.Publication New York
. Biochemistry 4th ed., (1988) by Zubay G.L., W M.C.Brown Publishers
. Principles of Biochemistry (1994), Garrette and Grisham, Saunders College Publishing.
CELL BIOLOGY
• Molecular Cell Biology 3rd., (1995) by Lodish H. Baltimove and others Scientific American Book.
• Molecular Biology of cells by Alberts
• Cell biology by ES Saedava,
• Cell and molecular Biology by EDP deRobertis and EMF de Robertis
• Principles of cell biology by Klein smith and M .Kish.
BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
. Principles and techniques of practical Biochemistry, Keith Wilson and John Walker, 1995. Cambridge University Press
. An introduction to spectroscopy for biochemists, Brown. S.B, Academic press, London.introduction to centrifugation, Ford.T.C. and Graham J. M. Bio Scientific Publishers, Ltd. Oxford.
. Biophysical chemistry Principles & Techniques -Avinash Upadhayae Kakoli Upadhayae .and Nirmalendhe Nath, Himalaya Publishing House,2002
. A Biologist Guide to principles and Techniques of practical Biochemistry, keith Wilson and Kenneth Goulding, Edward Arnold publishers. Ltd.
ADVANCED ENZYMOLOGY
. Enzymes by Dixon, E.G. Webb, CJR Thorne and K.F.Tipton, Longmans, London.
. Fundamentals of Enzymology 2nd ed., (1998) by Nicholas C. Price, Lewis Stevans, Oxford University Press.
. Enzyme technology, M.F.Chapline and C.Buke, Cambridge University Press, First Edition, 1990.
. Understanding enzymes, Trevor Palmer, Ellis Horwood Limited, Third Edition, 1991.
. Protein Biotechnology, Gary Walsh and Denis Headon, John Wiley and Sons, 1994. "Proteins Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gary Walsh, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.2002.
PRACTICAL I & II
. Practical Clinical Biochemistry, Volume I and II - Harold Varley, et al., CBS Publishers, Fifth Edition, 1980
. Biochemical Methods. Sadasivam.S and Manickam,A. II Edition. New Age International Private Ltd. Publishers.
. Laboratory techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Work and Work.
. A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K.Wilson and K.H.Goulding, ELBS Edition, 1986.
. Modern Experimental Biochemistry Boyer, R, III edition, Benjamin Cummings Publishers.
. A Textbook of Practical Biochemistry by David Plummer.
. Enzyme structure and mechanism, Aln Fersht (1997), Reading, USA.
BIOENERGETICS AND INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM
. Lehniger's Priniples of Biochemistry (2nd edn, 2000) by D.L.Nelson and M.M. Cox, Macmillan, Worth Pub Inc., NY. . Biochemistry (4th edn. 1992) by Lubert Stiyer WH Freeman & Co., NY . Harper's Biochemistry (25th ed) by R.K. Murray and others, Appleton and Lange, Stanford. . Fundamentals of Biochemistry (1999) by Donalt Voet, Judith G Voet and Charlotte W Pratt, John Wiley & Sons, NY "Regulation in Metabolism by E.A.Newshome ,C. Start, John wiley & Sons. . Biochemistry 4th ed., (1988) by Zubay G.L., W M.C.Brown Publishers.
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
• Introduction to plant biochemistry (1983) T.W.Goodwin and E.I. Mercer, Pergaman Press, Oxford, NY, Toronto, Sydney, Paris, Frankfurt. • Plant Biochemistry by P.M. Dey and J.B.Harborne. Harcourt Asia PTE Ltd. Singapore • Methods in Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1997) by William V.Dashek, CRC Press. • Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 2nd ed., (1999) by Peter J.Lea, Richard C.Leegood, John Wiley & Sons.Plant Biochemistry and Microbiology by William V.Dashek (1997)
MODERN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry - (5th edn.) C.A.Burtis, E.R. Ashwood (eds.) Saunders WB Co
. Text Book of Medical Physiology (10th ed. 2000) by A.C. Guyton & J.E. Hall, Harcourt Asia
. Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, N.W.Teitz, W.B. Saunders Company,1994,Second Edition.
. Clinical Chemistry in diagnosis and treatment, Philip. D.Mayne, ELBS Publications, Sixth Edition, 1994.
. Practical Clinical Biochemistry, Volume I and II - Harold Varley, et al., CBS Publishers, Fifth Edition, 1980
. Clinical Biochemistry- Metabolic and Clinical aspects,William J Marshall and Stephen K Bangert, Pearson professional Ltd. 1995.
MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY
. Endocrinology, Mac E. Hadley, Publishers- Prentice Hall. International. Inc.,Fourth Edition
. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton and Hall, Tenth Edition , Saunders Publishing Co.2000.
. Principles of Biochemistry, Emil Smith, Handler, Abraham White, Mcgraw Hill International book company, Seventh Edition, 1983.
PRACTICAL III & IV
. Practical Clinical Biochemistry, Volume I and II - Harold Varley, et al., CBS Publishers, Fifth Edition, 1980
. Practical Immunology 4th ed., by Frank C. Hay Olywn M.R.Westwood (2002) Blackwell Science Ltd.,
. Laboratory techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Work and Work. "A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K.Wilson and K.H.Goulding, ELBS Edition, 1986.
. Modern Experimental Biochemistry Boyer, R, III edition, Benjamin Cummings Publishers.
. A Textbook of Practical Biochemistry by David Plummer. Laboratory Mannual in Biochemistry by S. Jayaraman
IMMUNOLOGY
. Immunology (4th edn. 1998) by Ivan Roitt, J. Brostoff and David Mole (4edn ) Mosby Times Mirror Int. Pub. Ltd.
. Essential Immunology (9th ed. 1997 )by Ivan Roitt Blackwell Science Led.
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GENETIC ENGINEERING
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GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS
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PRACTICAL V & VI
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BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
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