Origin and Evolution of Microbiology - Contributions of Early Microbiologists- Classification of Microorganisms - Haeckel's three kingdom concepts - Whittaker's five kingdom concepts - Classification and Salient features of bacteria according to the Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology - Cyanobacteria.
Unit II
Microscopy - Simple - Compound, Dark-field, Phase contrast, Fluorescent and Electron microscopes - SEM, TEM, freeze fraction confocal microscopy and their applications - Stains and Staining reactions - Simple, Differential and Special staining techniques.
Unit III
Bacterial anatomy - Structure - properties and biosynthesis of cellular components of Bacteria. Culture media and Culture methods - Aerobic and Anaerobic - Preservation methods. Sporulation and its mechanism.
Microbial pathogenicity - Toxins - Characterization - mode of action - Antimicrobial chemotherapy - Antibiotics - classification -mode of action - drug resistance - Sensitivity tests - Sterilization and disinfection - Methods and Quality Control.
MICROBIAL GENETICS
Unit I
DNA the genetic material - Evidences for DNA as the genetic material - Importance of bacteria and viruses in genetics. The duplex DNA-Double helix and multiple conformations, Denaturation and Renaturation. RNA-Structure and as genetic material. Gene transfer mechanisms - Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction.
Unit II
DNA Replication - Geometry of DNA replication - Meselson-Stahl experiment -
Enzymology of DNA replication - Bidirectional and Rolling circle replication. DNA
recombination - Holliday model. DNA repair mechanisms.
Unit III
Mutagenesis - Types of mutations - Molecular basis of mutation - Base substitutions,
additions and deletions - Spontaneous mutations Random and non adaptive nature of
mutations - Induced mutations Mutation rales. Hot spots - Site specific mutagenesis -
expression of mutation after mutagenesis. Reverse mutations and suppressor mutations -mutations - Detection and isolation of mutants, Mutant selection - Carcinogenicity testing.
Unit IV
Molecular aspects of Gene expression - Organisation of bacterial genes - promoter - coding sequences - terminator, Transcription and Translation processes - Post transcriptional modifications of RNA..Genetic code. Gene regulation in bacteria - lac and trp operons. Gene regulation in yeast - galactose utilization.
Unit V
Plasmids - Properties and types of plasmids - Detection - Purification - Transfer and replication - episomes - cosmids. Transposable elements - Detection of transposition in bacteria - types of bacterial transposons - transposition - excision of transposons. E.coli phage Mu - Mu DNA transposons and evolution - use of transposons in mapping and cloning of genes.
IMMUNOLOGY
Unit I
Histrocial perspective of Immunology - Innate immunity - Acquired Immunity, Active and passive - Humoral Immunity and Cell mediated immunity. Cells of the immune system -. Lymphoid-.cells, Organs: of the immune system - Primary lymphoid organs - secondary lymphoid organs - Cutaneous Associated Lymphoid tissues.
Major Histocompatability Complex - - Structure and functions of Class I, Class II and
Class III molecules - Antigen processing and Presentation - T Cell receptors - T cell
maturation - activation and differentiation, B- Cell maturation - Activation and differentiation, Cytokines - Structure and functions - Receptors.
Vaccines - Types - Immunizing schedule. Immunohaematology - ABO & Rh incompatibility. Autoimmunity - Organ specific and systemic Autoimmune diseases - Transplantation immunology - Graft versus host reactions. Transplantation antigens -HLA tissue typing, Immunological tolerance - Immunosupression - clinical transplantation. Introduction to tumor immunology - Host immune responses to turmor -'Immuno diagnosis and treatment of tumors.
BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Unit I
Biostatistics - meaning and importance. Collection, processing and presentation of data, tabulation, graphs and diagrams. Measures - averages, dispersion, correlation, regression - fitting and prediction. Morbidity measures incidence, prevalence and fatality fates.
Unit II
Probability - axioms and properties. Screening efficacy - Sensitivity and specificity analysis. Gene frequencies. Hardy - Weinberg's Law and its
importance. Probability distributions - Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution and properties. Sampling - random and non-random methods and errors. Inference - point & interval estimation. Hypothesis testing - mean and proportion - T test, Z test.
Unit III
F test - one way and two way ANOVA and its importance. Chi-square test
Non - parametric tests for paired WIlcoxon's test and unpaired Mann Whiteny test, run test, median test and McNemar's test. Non parametric ANOVA. Friedman test and Krushkal- Wallis test.
Unit IV
Research - meaning, constrains, statement of research problem. Steps in research process, formulation of hypothesis, population and sample, Review of literature, tool validation. Research design Experimental - Simple types, components and Characteristics, CRD, RBD and LSD.
Unit V
Non - Experimental designs - descriptive, correlational, comparative, prospective, retrospective and cross-sectional. Pilot study.Communication of Research findings - synopsis presentation, guidelines of structuring an article. Documentation of research report. Ethicsof Research. Role of computers in Biological Research.
PRACTICAL EXAM - Hours : 8 hours/day, two consecutive days
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
1.
Handling and maintenance of bright field Microscopy.
2.
Micrometry - Measurement of microorganisms.
3.
Motility determination - Hanging drop method.
4.
Staining - Simple, Gram’s, Acid-fast, Spore, Capsule and Granular staining.
5.
Media preparation - Liquid, Solid, Agar deep, Slant and plate.
6.
Pure culture techniques: Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate.
7.
Growth curve
i. Visual method - Haemocytometer method.
ii. Non-visual method - Turbidity method - Spectrophotometer.
8.
Effect of various factors on growth of bacteria.
i) Temperature.
ii) PH
iii) Osmatic pressure.
Lysis assay by single burst experiment (one-step Growth curve)
9.
Isolation of phage from sewage.
10.
Isolation of chromosomal DNA from Bacteria and Spectrophotometric assay.
11.
Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacteria and Spectrophotometric assay.
12.
Isolation of genomic DNA from blood cells.
IMMUNOLOGY
1.
Preparation of Antigen from bacteria.
2.
ABO Blood grouping - Rh typing and cross matching.
3.
Agglutination tests,
a) WIDAL - slide and tube test.
b) Weil Felix test.
c) RA test
d) ASO test
e) CRP test.
f) β-HCG test.
g) TPHA test.
4.
Precipitation reaction.
I. Ouchterlony's Double Immunodiffusion test (ODD)
II. Counter Immunoelectrophoresis (CIE).
III. Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis.
5.
Rapid plasma reagin test - VDRL Test.
6.
Complement Fixation Test.
7.
Diagnosis of HIV and Hepatitis viruses by ELISA.
8.
Raising of antisera in rabbit.
9.
Separation of Lymphocytes (T&B lymphocytes).
SEMESTER II
PAPER V - MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY
Unit I
General approaches to clinical specimens - collection and transport of clinical specimens for microbiological examination - Mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis - Indigenous normal microbial flora.
Unit II
Morphology, classification, culture characters, pathogenicity,
laboratory diagnosis, control and treatment of following organisms.
Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumococcus, Neisseriae,
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Mycobacteria, Clostridium tetani C.welchii and Bacillus anthracis
Unit III
Morphology, classification, culture characters, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, control and treatment of following organisms. Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae.
Unit IV
Morphology, classification, culture characters, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, control and treatment of following organisms. Bordetella pertussis, Listeria monocytogenes, Spirocheates Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Actinomycetes.
Unit V
General diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted diseases (STDs), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Meningitis, Diarrhoea, Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) and Hospital acquired infections.
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY PARASITOLOGY
Unit I
Introduction and classification of parasites - Laborator} techniques in Parasitology - Examination of faeces - Direct and concentration methods - Blood smear examination - cultivation oi protozoan parasites, serology and PCR techniques.
Infection of helminths -Taenia solium, T saginata, Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciola hepatica, Paragonimus westermani and Schistosomes. Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Trichuris, Enterobius and Wuchereria bancrofti
MYCOLOGY - Unit IV
Morphology and classification of fungi - Isolation, identification and diagnosis of fungi from clinical specimens - Antifungal agents -Sensitivity tests - Mycotoxins.
Food as substrate for microorganisms - Microorganisms important in food microbiology - Molds, Yeasts and Bacteria. Factors influencing microbial growth in food - Extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
Unit II
Food Preservation - Principles of food preservation. Asepsis -removal of microorganisms (anaerobic conditions, high temperatures, low temperatures, drying). Chemical preservatives and Food additives. Canning, processing for Heat treatment-D, Z, F values and 12 D concepts.
Unit III
Contamination and spoilage - Cereals, vegetables and fruits, meat and meat products, Milk and Milk products, Fish and Sea foods, Egg and poultry products - spoilage of canned foods. Detection of spoilage and characterization.
Unit IV
Food-borne infections and intoxications - Bacterial and nonbacterial - with examples of infective and toxic types Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Vibrio and Fungi. Food borne outbreaks laboratory-testing procedures, Preventive measures- Food control agencies and its regulations, Plant sanitation, Employee's Health standards.
Unit V
Fermented Dairy products - Cheese, Butter, Dairy beverages. Other fermented products: Fermented vegetables, Oriental fermented foods. Bioconversions - vinegar. Genetically modified foods. Microbes as a Food - Single cell proteins - Mushroom cultivation.
INDUSTRIAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGYD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I
Industrially important microorganisms - Screening Techniques -Detection and assay of fermentation products - Strain improvements - Mutation and recombination DNA techniques for strain development - Development of inoculum for various fermentation process.
Unit II
Media for industrial fermentation - formulation - Sterilization. Fermentation types and cultures - Submerged and solid state fermentation - Downstream processing - recovery and purification of industrial products.
Unit III
Fermentor - components - types of fermentors - body construction and temperature control - aeration and agitation systems -sterilization of fermentor and air supply, aseptic inoculation methods. Stirring and mixing agents - control of pH and foam pressure -Computer in fermentation technology.
Unit IV
Industrial production of Wine, Beer and Ethanol. Organic acids -Citric and Lactic acid - Antibiotics - Penicillin and Streptomycin -Vitamin B12 - Enzymes - ct-Amylase and Alkaline protease.
Unit V
Microbial production of vaccines - BCG and Typhoid vaccine -Toxoid - Tetanus and Diphtheria - preparation of antisera and their standardisation - Antiseptics, Disinfectants and their standardization - Biotransformations - Steroids and Non-steroids compound.
PRACTICAL CODE - 06PAMP02 : Max Marks 150 - Practical exam. Hours : 8 hours/day, two consecutive days
MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY
1.
Collection and transport of clinical specimens from sputum, pus, urine, faeces, blood and CSF.
2.
Culture techniques for sputum, pus, urine, faeces, blood and CSF.
Examination of parasites in clinical specimens - Ova/cysts in faeces -Direct and concentration methods - formal ether and zinc sulphate methods - Saturated saline technique.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba coli - T. solium
Giardia intestinalis - F. hepatica
Blantidium coli - Ascaris spp.
- Ankylostoma spp
- Trichuris spp
- Enterobius spp
2.
Blood smear examination for malarial parasites
3.
Wet film examination for Microfilariae.
MYCOLOGY
1.
Collection and transport of clinical specimens - Direct microscopy - KOH
and Lactophenol cottonblue preparations for skin scrapings, for fungi and for scabies mites - Cultivation of fungi - Culture media and their uses in fungal cultivation.
2.
Isolation and identification of fungal pathogens from clinical specimens, their biochemical and specific identification tests.
Direct microscopic count of organisms in milk (Breed's count).
3.
Detection of bacteria in milk by Standard plate count.
4.
Reductase test for milk - Methylene Blue/Resazurin.
5.
Litmus milk test.
6.
Isolation of Lactobacilli and Streptococci from curd.
7.
Microbiological examination of spoiled foods - Bacteria/Fungi
i) Vegetables and fruits.
8.
Proteinaceous foods.
9.
Dairy foods.
10.
Isolation of lipolytic organisms from butter.
11.
Effect of food preservatives on survival of food spoilage organisms.
12.
Examination of microbial load in soft drinks.
13.
Examination of microbial load in ice-creams.
INDUSTRIAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Industrial Microbiology
1.
Screening of antibiotic producing organisms from soil.
2.
Screening of amylase enzyme producing organisms from soil.
3.
Screening of citric acid producing organism from soil.
4.
Wine production by using micro organism.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
1.
Antibiotic sensitivity test disc preparation
2.
Antibiotic sensitivity test - Kirby-Bauer, Stoke's
3.
MIC determination by Broth dilution technique
4.
MIC determination by filter paper disc assay
5.
Evaluation of disinfectant - Phenol co-efficient test
6.
Evaluation of disinfectant - filter paper disc assay.
SEMESTER III
PAPER IX - VIROLOGY AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Unit I
General properties of viruses - Structure, replication, reaction to physical and chemical agents. Serodiagnosis of viral infections -Cultivation and detection of viruses - Structure and properties of prions and viroids - Anti-viral agents (Drugs, Interferons & Vaccines).
Unit II
Classification and nomenclature of animal & human viruses - Epidemiology, Life cycle, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of RNA viruses - Picorna, Orthomyxo, Paramyxo and ARBO viruses - Rhabdo, HIV and Oncogenic viruses.
Unit III
DNA viruses - Pox, Herpes, Adeno & Hepatitis viruses, Viruses important to bacteria - Bacteriophages - Structure, types and uses in microbiology.
Unit IV
Classification and Nomenclature of plant viruses - TMV, Cauliflower Mosaic virus and Potato virus X - transmission of plant viruses (Insects, Nematodes, Fungi) and without vectors (contact, seed and pollens) - prevention of crop loss due to virus infection.
Unit V
Entomology - Transmission of disease - common arthropod vectors and their life cycles - Ticks, mites, fleas, mosquitoes and flies -Diseases and mechanism of transmission in humans - vector control measures.
SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I
Properties of Soil - Structure, texture and formation. Microbial groupings - Autochthonus, Zymogenous population. Role of microbes in soil fertility - Influence of soil and environmental factors on microflora. Methods of studying ecology of soil microorganisms.
Unit II
Biological N2 fixation - Diazotrophs - Symbiotic & Non-symbiotic bacteria and cyanobacteria - Biochemistry of N2 fixation - Nitrogenase - mechanism of nitrogenase - protection of Nitrogenase from oxygen -Hydrogenase. Biochemistry and physiology of fixed nitrogen in legume symbiotic system - Nif gene & its regulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Unit III
Biogeochemical cycles - Role of microorganisms in Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosphorous, Sulphur cycles. Microbial interaction between microbes, interaction of microbes with plants - Rhizoplane, Rhizosphere, phyllosphere, spermosphere, Mycorrhiza. Microbial association with insects and rumen.
Unit IV
Plant pathology - Symptoms, disease cycle and control measures. Bacterial diseases - Blight of rice, Citrus canker, Wilt of potato, Mycoplasma disease - little leaf of brinjal, Sesamum phyllody. Viral disease - vein clearing disease, TMV. Fungal disease - Blast of rice, Rust of wheat, Smut of sugarcane, Red rot of sugarcane, Brown spot of rice, Wilt of cotton, Tikka leaf spot of groundnut.
Unit V
Biofertilizer and Biocontrol agents - Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Phosphobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Azolla - Mass multiplication, field application and crop response. Biopesticide (Bacterial, fungal & viral) - Biological control (Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens) - mode of action, formulation and application methods.
PAPER XI - ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I
Ecosystems, food chain - niche - soil, water and air environment -Microbiology of air - Microbial contamination of air - enumeration of bacteria in air - Air sampling devices - Air sanitation.
Unit II
Microbiology of water - Water pollution and water-borne pathogens - Indicator organisms - Bacteriological examination of water Determination of water quality - Sanitary measures for water -Microbiology of sewage - chemical and biochemical characters -Sewage treatment and disposal of wastes - pollution problems and their control.
Unit III
Industrial effluents - Organic waste (solid & liquid) pollution - BOD -COD and treatment - Heavy metal pollution - Thermal pollution -noise pollution - pollution by radioactive elements.
Unit IV
Positive role of microbes in environment - Degradation - Microbial conversion of solid waste to food (Mushroom, SCP), fuels (biogas, ethanol), Bioleaching of ores, Bioaccumulation of metals. Methylation of heavy metals (Detoxification) - Biodegradation - Lignin - pesticide -Recalcitrant - Bioremediation - types and its application.
Unit V
Negative roles of microbes in environment - Biodeterioration of paper - leather - wood - textile - paint. Metal corrosion - organisms involved - Its disadvantages - mode of prevention - GMO and their impact.
PAPER XII - GENETIC ENGINEERING
Unit I
Gene Analysis Techniques - Isolation of DNA and RNA frorr microbes - Handling and quantification of nucleic acids - Radic labelling of nucleic acid - End labelling - Nick translation - Labelling by primer extension. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis - modifications and applications. Nucleic acid hybridization - Southern, Northern, western, South-western and Dot-slot blotting.
Unit II
Restriction enzymes - nomenclature - classification - restriction and methylation - Type II restriction endonuclease - uses of restriction endonucleases - Restriction mapping and its application - DNA modifying enzymes - nucleases - polymerases - DNA ligases.
Unit III
DNA sequence analysis - Maxam - Gilbert (Chemical) Sequencing -Sanger - Coulson (dideoxy/enzymatic) sequencing. Automated DNA sequencing. Genome sequencing and physical mapping of genomes -Polymerase chain reaction - methods and application. Site - directed mutagenesis.
Unit IV
Biology of Genetic engineering - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic hosts -E.coli and Yeast. Plasmids used for E.coli - vectors based on Bacteriophage and M-13 phage vectors. Expression vectors -Promoter Probe vectors, Transformation and transfection - packing bacteriophage DNA in vivo Alternative DNA delivery synthesis -artificial chromosomes.
Unit V
Cloning from mRNA - Synthesis of cDNA - Cloning cDNA in plasmid and bacteriophage vectors. Cloning from genomic DNA. Genomic libraries, preparation of DNA fragments for cloning ligation, packaging and amplification of libraries. Genetic selection and screening methods.
PRACTICAL EXAM - Hours : 8 hours/day, two consecutive days
VIROLOGY AND MEDICAL ENDOMOLOGY
Virology
1.
Staining of some viral inclusion bodies.
i) Rabies - Negri bodies.
ii) CPE stained smears.
Serological Tests : Serodiagnosis of various viral diseases.
i) ELISA - HBV, HCV, HIV
ii) Complement Fixation Test
iiii) Haemagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) tests.
4.
Study of virus infected plant samples - Atleast any two viral disease
Medical Entomology
1.
Examination of ticks
2.
Examination of mites
3.
Examination of fleas
4.
Examination of mosquitoes. Examination of flies
SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
1.
1) Enumeration of Microbial population from soil.
i) Bacteria
ii) Fungi
iii) Actinomycetes
2.
Isolation of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria from soil - Azatobacter
3.
Isolation of symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria from root nodule - Rhizobium
4.
Enumeration of microorganisms from phyllosphere
5.
Isolation of phosphate solubilisers.
6.
Study of ammonifiers
7.
Study of nitrifiers.
Study of denitrifiers
8.
Study of mycorrhizae
9.
Study of cyanobacteria
10.
Study of screening for antagonism
11.
Examination of plant diseases Bacterial disease - Fungal diseases
Blight of rice - Rust
Citrus canker - Smut
Brown rot of potato - Wilt
- Blast of rice
- Red rot of sugarcane
- Brown spot of rice
- Tikka leaf spot of groundnut
- Altemaria leaf spot
ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLLUTION MICROBIOLOGY
1.
Bacterial examination of water (qualitative)
2.
Standard plate count (quantitative test).
3.
Membrane filter technique.
4.
Enumeration of microorganism from air
i) Settle plate technique,
ii) Air sampling technique
5.
Estimation of dissolved oxygen
6.
Estimation of BOD and COD
7.
Isolation of cellulolytic organism.
8.
Isolation of leather degrading organism
9.
Degradation of pesticide and dyes.
GENETIC ENGINEERING
1.
Separation of aminoacids by chromatographic techniques.
a. Paper Chromatography
b. Thin Layer Chromatography
c. Column Chromatography
2.
Separation of proteins using SDS-PAGE.
3.
Isolation of protoplast (Microbes).
4.
Immobilization of microorganisms
5.
Isolation of plasmid (PUC series plasmids of E.coli)
6.
Sseparation by Agarose gel electrophoresis
7.
Restriction digestion of plasmid - Single/Double digestion
8.
Determination of molecular weight - physical mapping
9.
Blue/white selection assay
10.
Reisolation of plasmid from recombinant clone - restriction digestion -agarose gel
11.
Electrophoresis
12.
Western blotting, PCR (Demonstration)
SEMESTER IV
BIOINSTRUMENTATION AND BIOINFORMATICS
Unit I
Centrifugation techniques - Centrifugal force and principle of sedimentation. Types of centrifuges and their uses. Separation methods -. Differential centrifugation, Density gradient centrifugation.
Unit II
Electrochemical techniques - pH electrodes - Biosensors - cell based biosensors and enzyme immunosensors. Spectroscopic techniques - Beer lambert's law - Spectrophotometry Spectrofluorimetry, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, NMR, Mass spectrometry.
Unit III
Chromatographic techniques - Thin layer chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, Gas chromatography, Molecular exclusion chromatography. Radioisotope techniques - Types of radioactive decay. Half life and radioactivity, measurement of radioactivity. X-ray film method, GM counter, Scintillation counting methods. Applications of radioisotopes in the biological sciences.
Unit IV
Introduction to Bioinformatics - Sequence databases - Nucleotide sequence database (NCBI, EMBL & DDBJ) - Protein sequence databank (PIR, SWISSPROT) - Structural databank (PDB) -Specialized databank (AIDS Virus sequence database, MSDN, Numerical coding systems to microbes).
Unit V
Sequence analysis, Pairwise alignment-local, global alignments -Multiple sequence alignment - Alignment tools - BLAST - FASTA -Clustal W - visualization tool - RASMOL.
ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Unit I
Microbial synthesis of commercial products. Proteir pharmaceuticals - Engineering human insulin and interferons -Human growth hormones. Antibiotics - Cloning antibiotic biosynthetic genes by complimentation - synthesis of novel antibiotics - improving antibiotic production. Xenobiotics - Genetic engineering of biodegradative pathways. Biomass utilization - Cellulose. Production of single cell proteins.
Unit II
Genetic Engineering of plants - Plant callus culture - Plant cell culture and Protoplast - crown gall disease - Ti plasmid - Ti plasmid derived vector system - Methods of transfering genes to plants -Microprojectile Bombardment - use of reporter genes in transformed plant cells. Development of transgenic plants resistant for insects -virus - Herbicide, fungus and bacterium. Stress and Senescence tolerance.
Unit III
Transgenic animals - Development of transgenic animals -Transgenic mice - methodology - Reteroviral vector method - DNA micro injection - Embryonic stem cell method - cloning by nuclear transfer - Yeast artificial chromosome transgenesis - Transgenic mice applications. Transgenic Cattle - Sheep - Goats - Pigs - Birds and Fishes.
Unit IV
Molecular diagnostics. Immunological diagnostic procedures. DNA diagnostics systems - Hybridization probes - Diagnosis of Malaria. RAPD. The PCR / OLA procedure. Diagnosis of genetic diseases -Cystic fibrosis and sickle - cell anaemia. Vaccines and Therapeutic agents - sub unit vaccine, vector vaccines - live recombinant vaccines-Attenuated vaccines Antiidiotype vaccines. Monoclonal antibodies -Chemically linked monoclonal antibodies - Human monoclonal antibodies - Hybrid human - mouse monoclonal antibodies -Introduction of antibodies in E.coli- HIV therapeutic agents.
Unit V
Human molecular genetics - RFLP - use of RFLP analysis. Positional cloning. Human gene therapy - Ex vivo Gene therapy - In vivo Gene therapy - Viral gene and non viral delivery systems - Prodrug activation therapy - Nucleic acid therapeutic agents. Regulating the use of Biotechnology, Recombinant DNA technology - Food and food ingredients - Release of genetically engineered organism - ice minus Pseudomonas syringae. Patenting of Biotechnology inventions - IPR issues and ethics.
